科学教育研究
Online ISSN : 2188-5338
Print ISSN : 0386-4553
ISSN-L : 0386-4553
25 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の9件中1~9を表示しています
  • 大木 道則
    原稿種別: 巻頭言
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 1-
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 川崎 謙
    原稿種別: 研究論文
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 2-10
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper presents a cross-cultural study on concepts of "experiment" between Western Modern Science, i.e., W-M science, and Japanese culture. This study will make it possible to liberate science educators in Japan as well as those in other non-Western nations from a dogma which forces them to accept the universality of W-M scienee. The first step of the study is to establish a viewpoint to relativize the worldview of W-M scienee to that of Japanese culture in a synchronic perspective; in other words, W-M seience is recognized to be a possible alternative in science educatioru. The second is to coin undefined terms that include "experiment". They have no intensions and encompass both intellectual systems concerned. The third is to establish an axiomatic system to illustrate a relation between the undefined terms. The axiom is as follows : In the sphere of [EXPERIlVIBNTJ, [NATURE] is[0BSERVEI)]. In this axiom, each of the undefined terms is written in capital letters and stressed by a pair of brackets. Since undefined terms have no intensions, the respective cultural aspects of both "jikken" and "experiment" can be derived from the axiom. In this process, science educators can be aware of "jikken" incommensurable with "experiment". Within the axiomatic relation as a reference frame for science education research, an epistemological reflection of pupils' and students' culture can be accomplished in science education.
  • 磯崎 哲夫
    原稿種別: 研究論文
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 11-23
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    "What is the professional knowledge and competence of science teachers?" This is an important theme for those concerned with, and interested in science teaching. This theme is historically recognized as universal in both western and non-western countries. In this paper the author has attempted to identify the professional knowledge and competence of science teachers before World War II from historical and comparative perspectives. First, the author describes two models of secondary teachers: the professional and the academic/liberal. The former was the predominant model for the education of secondary teachers at higher normal schools and the latter was the predominant model used in the imperial universities. The author has analyzed the curricula and records of informal meetings, which aimed to promote the professional development of secondary teachers in higher normal schools and in the imperial universities. Secondly, the author has compared the history of secondary science teacher education in Japan and England in terms of the development of professional knowledge and competence. The author concludes by categorizing the knowledge and competence required by secondary science teachers in Japan and England before World War II into :(i) Content knowledge; (ii) Curriculum knowledge and knowledge of educational goals and values, and (iii) Professional characteristics.
  • 益子 典文
    原稿種別: 研究論文
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 24-34
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper proposes a new methodology for developing subject matters in order to improve everyday teaching. Firstly, the task analysis method in cognitive research is summarized, and a new method for eliciting teaching objectives method is conceptualized. This methodology, which is based on "cognitive retrospection" of the task solution process by elicitor, was named "teaching/learning objective analysis through dialogue by task method". Secondly, "analysis through dialogue by task method" was applied to the 267 introductory algebra proof tasks that constitute second grader's learning contents in junior high school, and elicited four context dependent "pragmatic meanings of algebraic letters". Thirdly, the effect of the pragmatic meaning of algebraic letters presented to the pupils was investigated. The subjects were 183 junior high school second grade pupils who already had done algebraic proof tasks. Result: the high achievement group showed an effective response by presented pragmatic meaning, whereas middle and low achievement groups showed no effect. It was necessary to promote the understanding of the problem solving process for a higher-order understanding, and the necessity for examining teaching material analysis in addition to objective elicitation is shown.
  • 高木 幸子, 所 康子, 藤原 康晴, 山下 伸典
    原稿種別: 研究論文
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 35-43
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study aims to develop home economics teaching materials to enhance students' understanding of the role of enzymes contained in natural microorganisms and food. As experimental material, a trial viscometer, based on Stokes' law, was offered to measure the enzymatic activity at 29.5℃. This experimental system could be compared with the enzymatic activity of many foods. Papain and gelatin (3% solution) were used for the standard enzyme and solute respectively. From the results, an index of activity for enzymes was experimentally established. This was applied comparatively to 63 foods and 2 medicines. In connection with enzymatic activity, a learning unit was proposed "The Role of Enzymes in Food in Life", including effect on cooking methods; combination of food materials; and role in the cooking or preservation of traditional foods.
  • 柿原 聖治
    原稿種別: 実践論文
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 44-49
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    Most junior high school students have the misconception that molecules in a liquid state are not moving, but are stationary. To date, teaching molecular movement in a liquid state has been simply expository. There are very few practical works on this subject. Even when we use computer simulations, the teaching method is one-sided, and does not allow two way communication. To solve these problems, a sequence of model experiments has been developed, as follows. Exp. 1 Liquid assumes the shape of containers. Exp. 2 Liquid is passed through filter paper. Exp. 3 In liquid, some objects sink and others rise to the surface. Exp. 4 In liquid, diffusion occurs. These phenomena can be explained by a molecule model, such as grains of sand or rice. However, the static model of sand leads to inconsistency. A dynamic model is required to explain these phenomena. When students encounter phenomena that are inconsistent with the static model, they come to realize that grains of sand are not stationary; through discussions with their teacher, they deduce that water molecules are moving. In Exp. 3 and 4, Styrofoam balls (3 mm in diameter) are more effective models of water molecules. First, Styrofoam balls are dropped into a beaker. This type of Styrofoam ball is so small and light that each ball within the beaker moves randomly with a magnetic stirrer. It appears that each ball is moving on its own, because the stirrer is invisible. Second, some colored balls are dropped into the beaker and spread evenly throughout the beaker. In this connection, the Styrofoam balls rub against each other, with the result that they become charged and often hop up. To eliminate static electricity, antistatic spray is used on the surfaces of the balls before hand. This is a very persuasive method, which has a great visual appeal for students, and which is effective in producing conceptual change.
  • 仁宮 章夫
    原稿種別: 実践論文
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 50-53
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    A large quantity of chemical waste is created daily from the laboratories of schools at all levels, while chemistry teachers are emphasizing the importance of pollution free manufacturing systems and saving natural resources in their classes. Development of an environmentally benign teaching method is, therefore, an important current topic in the field of chemical education. The author has reported that chemical experiments using a microscope are advantageous for a variety of reasons other than traditional teaching methods. In this paper, eight types of chemical experiments using a microscope were demonstrated at a high school from the standpoint of "green chemistry"; the total amount of chemical waste in each experiment was calculated and compared with that generated by the respective traditional teaching method. It was confirmed that the methodology using a microscope in chemical experiments makes it possible to drastically reduce chemical waste.
  • 大竹 千代子
    原稿種別: 実践論文
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 54-60
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    After "Our Stolen Future" written by T. Colborn was published in 1996, a group of new toxic chemicals called "Endocrine Disruptors (EDC)" had become recognized worldwide. Meanwhile, the release of sensational news of the decline of sperm count caused by EDC and it's conneetion with the detection of EDC in styrene of cup noodle containers and bisphenol A of school crockery was much talked about on TV and in many journals. Along with this new wave of news came alot of inaccurate information, so it became necessary to properly inform young people at school, such as by providing Junior College studeruts with a concise and systematic text by the writer, which included corrections of previous inaccurate information given by the media. Two tests with an interval of 6 months were given to students and later analyzed to see how the students understanding of this issue had changed after using the textbook. In the first test taken before the introduction of the new textbook, students wrote about EDC using only mass communication articles. But, in the second test after having used the textbook, answer papers included more information on the detection of ECC, differences between the results of experimental animal tests and human cases, and the necessity of risk assessment and certain regulations. As a result of re-informing the students using the textbook, an accurate and detailed understanding of this issue. could be gained.
  • 吉田 健, 雲井 未歓, 前迫 孝憲, 小池 敏英
    原稿種別: 実践研究
    2001 年 25 巻 1 号 p. 61-66
    発行日: 2001/03/10
    公開日: 2017/06/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The relation between physiological indices and mental states has lately attracted considerable attention. This paper, therefore we try to examines the method of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia measurement and analysis method. We measured subjects' RSA during a pre and posttest, and examined the relation between the appearance-rate of RSA and the contents of the interview with the subjects. As a result of experiment, when subjects were sure of their answer to the test, the appearance rate of RSA showed a tendency to rise. When subjects were not sure of their answer to the test, the appearance rate of RSA showed a tendency to fall. From this result, we find that RSA can be an index of a certainty of the answer to a test.
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