This study examines the implementation of climate-action simulations across five educational levels in Japan, from sixth-grade elementary to Master’s-level teacher training. Using the En-ROADS Climate Solutions Simulator, lessons were designed to support leaners’ acquisition of content knowledge about climate change and to cultivate futures thinking—the ability to consider long-term consequences, explore trade-offs, and compare multiple climate scenarios. Lesson content and structure were adapted to match learners’ developmental stages, ranging from simple, visible policy choices to complex, stakeholder-based decision-making. Data were collected through pre- and post-questionnaires, worksheets, reflections, and classroom observations. Findings show that as students advanced through the educational levels, their climate policy decisions became more strategic, and their futures thinking more sophisticated. In-service teachers demonstrated the most integrated use of policy tools and long-term reasoning. These results suggest that simulation-based learning can effectively support both climate change understanding and the development of futures thinking in school science and science teacher training.
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