Introduction Since the enactment of the Social Security Act in 1935, the federal government has assumed the principal role in financing programs for benefits and services which are delivered to needy and disadvantaged individuals and families in the United States. Overall, the benefits and services, supported by the Social Security Act, as amended, and other federal laws, are designed to assist recipients in achieving their maximum social and economic selfsurficiency and independence. Administratively, programs for a diverse array of benefits and services are administered by networks of feberal, state and local public welfare agencies, as well as by voluntary and private social service organizations which sign purchase-of-service agreements with public agencies (although voluntary and private organizations tend to focus mostly on the provision of social services). This paper is divided into four major parts. Part I describes the major benefits and services programs of the United States which are essentially targeted to its low-income citizes. Part II presents a summary of policies of the current administration for promoting family stability and strengths. Part III concentrates on an examination of the major social services programs designed to strengthen family life, which are administered by the Office of Human Development Services (HDS) of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Finally, Part IV provides a summary of how the Reagan administration has consolidated a large number of categorical domestic social programs into nine block grants. A block grant approach represents a radical departure from the traditional categorical approach to financing domestic social programs. This paper was written with the purpose of providing readers with a brod understanding of the current status of American social welfare policies and programs. Most of the information presented in the paper is pertinent to the theme of the conference of the International Council on Social Welfare (ICSW) in Tokyo.

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This paper is a follow-up study of "The Period of Social Welfare in Crisis" which was published in "Science of Social Welfare" Vol. 27, No. 1, 1985. It is often said that the present social welfare system has faced a orisis. I, however, doubted that most of speakers might have recognized where the crisis was, through attending last conferences of both social welfare ond social policy. Therefore, I tried the historical review on the crisis on last paper not with just examining its surfaces. I would like to continue to research this question with theorizing it furthermore, since the present social welfare policy has not got a certain level of theoretical perception on the problematic realities caused by brader social structure.

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Social workers engaged in a actual region of social welfare should basecally possess affectionate "welfare mind" and strengthen the connection with other colleagues. Based on steady view point and identity as social workers, they have to protect or help the welfare elegibilities in a weak circumstances. This report defines some conditions of a professional social worker, constructing a framework of the outher's own after KEIICHIRO SHIMADA's paper. The professional authority as a social worker in actual region may be appreciated by his expert knowledge, his theoretical system and integration of theory and practice. This view on professional authority can be introduced from "CODES OF ETHICS" of The Association of Japanese Social Workers. Our special authority may be the professional position in a social system through a social valuation. Then the author proposes his concept of a independent social worker law. According to nim, the entitlement of social workers ought to be classified to three types: type I, type II, type III. Through this report, author insists further on the wide spread discussion on the above problems for the sake of future inprovement of social welfare.

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Today social welfave strongly tends to be argued from the view of economic and financial issues. A client who needs some help in social welfare, is regarded as a human being with a lack of economic power and productivity. The normal, desirable person in our society is economically independent. After all it is obviously clear that such understanding about a client gives a ranking of usefulness predicated on economics and productivity in the society to him, so he is in a lower social position than the normal is in. Therefore many social workers are actually placed in a dilemma of having to help the client between advocating, his rights and limited provision of services in their agencies on which are profoundly influenced by societal and buraucratic forces, etc. The Life Model of social work theory in U. S. applies ecological perspectives to it's practice. Ecological perspectives provide an adaptive, evolutionary view of human beings in transactions with all elements of their environments. Also they provide that client's problems in living is not as his personal disturbances. Carel B. Germain explains, "The Life Model defines problems not as reflections of pathological states but as consequences of interactions among elements of the ecosystem including other people, things, places, organizations, ideas, information, and values. " These views give suggestions to us that how we should understand a client with his problems in living and what social work theories we should form.

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Importance is put mainly on the basic authorization nowadays of physical facilities (whether or not the dimension area exceeds the standards set for buildings and land ; whether there is administrative funds ; whether there is book-keeping and regulations and so-on.). The writer is conscious of problems concerning the present situation of significance put on authorization of social welfare corporations' facilities. This means that never has the administration part been as important as today. It has become necessary to make decisions about authorization, looking at foth sides, the part of physical facilities up to now and the part of administration considered by the writer. There, the writer develops a study of the condition of autharization of facilities of social welfare corporations through which there is a deep relationship of critical investigation of the present-day social welfare corporation, considering the case of the administrative side. Now, as a process of the essay, first and foremost, study is made on the system of the social welfare corporation from the side of administration, next, through the critical investigation of the social weffare corporation nowadays what is desirable as an organization and system of the social welfare corporation is mentioned' Finally, mention has been made of the social welfare corporation as a desirable organization and system, based on preceding conditions of study of anthorization of the social welfare carporation (authorization should not be decided as soon as the standard of physical facilities is met, but decision is made tentatively, after which the actual final decision can be made when the administration is well evaluated and recognized as facilities are suitable for the social welfare corporations facilities after a certain period of time.

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About half of children from children's homes are dissuaded from going on to a high school and begin to work under the pretext of "independence". But in socioeconomic conditions of these days, it is obvious that they have to face a world of severe facts in their future. This paper examines the characteristics of their social lives, mainly their employment, in order to investigate the way after care with them should be. In its process, the followings are made clear : 1. The rate of employment of middle-school graduates has tended to go down and now it is about 50%, which is much lower than its highest period by 15%. 2. For these ten years, the most popular industry of their first employment has been manufacturing, but recently children who apply for it have tended to decrease. In contrast, the employment in selling industry has tended io increase and now it is second in popularity, casting even the service one behind. 3. The rate of change of employment is very high. 15% of them changes employment in three months, 25% in half a year, and 40% in one year. After all, the rate of those who have continued to work for five years is only 20%. 4. As a working person, retired employees, males, those enrolled longer in children's homes, and those employed shorter are evaluated lower, in general, in their work sites. 5. In their daily lives, retired employees, females, those enrolled longer in children's homes, and those employed shorter are generally evaluated lower in their work sites. 6. They are evaluated very severely as members of society, but many of their work sites, making allowances for their poor social conditions, do not deny them their employment in the future. Children from children's homes encounter the very severe situations in society and many of them retire from their employment, thus often losing their social independence. The fact that the rate of change of employment of high-school graduates is much lower than that of middle-school graduates, proves that entrance into full-time high school is one way of preventing them from changing employment, and of promoting their competence of social adjustment. It, however, can be hardly said that this is a fundamental solution. In any case, the study and practice in these domains has been still on the way to development, I expect, therefore, that as many people as possible will take more and more interest in these problems. (The data on this paper are originated in those of the Osaka Child Welfare Work Agency.)

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The principal objective of this work was to establish the effectiveness of integrated camps … in which children with and without disabilty live together … in getting the participants to have positive experiences, and also to identify their potential problem areas. Studies were conducted throughout the four camps given by the Kyoto Welfare Institute for the Disabled Children during a period from August 1984 to March 1985. How interactions among the members in each group changed and how groupworkers got involved with the participants were also investigated. Major findings are : (1) Each member in a particular group increased interest in and and interactions with the other participants in the same group throughout the four camps. (2) In initial stages, children with disability were more rejected and disregarded than accepted, but later on, they came stepby-step to gain their footings in their respective groups. (3) Workers were often both directive and instructive, and poor enough to grasp the sentiments of … and to accdpt … the members whom they were in charge of. (4) Participants were engrossed in attempts to become intimate with their workers, rather than taking the initiative in leading the group they belonged to. Based on growing positive interactions among the members in each group, it is safe to say that these camps have achieved their purpose of integrating the children with and without disability. Workers have a strong tendency to instruct or direct members, and lack the ability to grasp their sentiments. Such workers' attitude could induce the members to become to become dependent and not to volunteer to assume leadership. In that sense, how workers should be put to training, beginning with sensitivety training, will be addressed as a future problem.

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I analyzed the life style of the handicapped by making use of the list of public relief recipient in Kyoto. The list includes the disabled, the aged, the sick and the infant. The disabled in this division is not equal the handicapped. The handicapped was found in the disabled, the aged and the sick. The poor handicapped was relieved at the stage when he couldn't work and he wasn't helped by anyone. The following is the sick person's detail. [table] Life style of the handicapped is the followings. First stage: They engaged in the many slight work and supported themselves with much difficulty. Second stage : They worked a little and received some charity from relatives or neighbors. Third stage : They received the public relief.

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This paper gives a brief outline of the Japan Rescue Mission by portraying its rescue work, and disbusses its role in the history of rescuing women in Japan. The Japan Rescue Mission, founded in 1920 by George Dempsie (year of birth and death unknown), an Evangelical missionary from Scotland, had the purpose of rescuing women from prostitution in Japan. In the 1920's the Mission founded a rescue home called Kyuaikan in Sendai, and another one called Jiaikan in Oaaka. These institutions achieved tremendous rescue work of many prostitutes. As the war situation turned worse, however, the Mission was forced to close these homes in 1931, only after twenty or so years of its rescue work. The rescue work of the Japan Rescue Mission is characterized by the following : (1) They conducted their rescue work as religious practices, that is, to save the souls of women. (2) Financially, they entirely depended on foreign funds. (3) The mission was an exclusive organization. (4) The cooperation with Osaka Fujin Home, an institution of Japan Women's Christian Temperance Union, was indispensable to the Mission's rescue work. The Japan Rescue Mission played an important role in the history of rescuing women in Japan, together with Japan Women's Temperance Union and the Salvation Army. Compared with the latter two institutions, the Mission's work was characteristically more religious, for the salvation of the souls.

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