Since the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake attacked Hanshin metropolitan area on January 17 in 1995, mental health field in Japan has discussed post-traumatic issues among disaster victims. However, the effects of secondary traumatic stress, which might affect the psychological state of practitioners by working with traumatized victims, have little been paid attention. Several studies conducted in the United States have already warned that a variety of psychological problems, such as insomnia, depressive disorder, somatic disorder, drug abuse and helplessness, are commonly observed among those practitioners who constantly work with traumatized clients. This article focuses on the coping strategies against the secondary traumatic stress on the behalf of social work practitioners. Self-awareness issue is emphasized by means of applying a classification model of countertransference reactions to clients' traumatic experiences. In addition, several implications with regard to the establishment of psychological support system for those social workers, such as 1) development of educational program for trauma therapy, 2) reinforcement of supervision system, 3) formulation of psychological support system, and 4) improvement of organizational factors, are proposed respectively.

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We investigated the correlation of depression in elderly people living at home in rural areas with demographic factors (gender, age), health factors (TMIG index of competence, subjective health status, history of treatment at medical institutions), and social structure (educational background, family composition, provision of care, income, regional characteristics). These factors were used as a depression scale for elderly people in Japan. The subjects were selected by stratified random sampling from 2,200 elderly (over 65 years old) people living at home in five districts of Hokkaido. Valid responses were obtained from 928 people (mean age : 72.0 years), descriptive statistics, multiple arrangement diffusion analysis and multivariate analysis were used for the statistical analysis. According to the results of analysis, the mean score on the depression scale for elderly people was 4.36 (standard deviation=2.73). The incidence of depression was 5.4%. It was also found that the factors related to the onset of depression in elderly people living at home in rural areas were not only age, gender, subjective health status and activity capability but also factors of social structure such as family composition, educational background, and income. These results suggest that a reduction in income and loss of family function, without any compensatory support by people and by society, are factors that may lead not only to the onset of depression but may even be life-threatening.

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In order to introduce the Public Insurance for Long-Term Care System, the Ministry of Health and Welfare implemented a geriatric management system support project in fiscal 1996 as part of the required preparation to ensure the smooth operation of the system. It also conducted trials for the certification of the need for nursing care, which is a requirement for receiving this benefit. The basic concept of certifying the need for nursing care, which determines the degree of nursing care service according to the degree of care time required by seniors, is based on the care estimation system created from a scientific analysis of a large amount of data. This estimation system is used to formulate the preliminary judgment by computer in certifying the need for nursing care in the previous fiscal year. In terms of the preliminary judgment and secondary judgment, which is based on personal interviews conducted by the certification council, the ratio of matches exceeds 70%. This research clarifies the status of certification in 60 regions throughout Japan, as well as problems surrounding the practical affairs in the trial for certification of the need for nursing care, which is being conducted by computer for the first time in Japan. This research also examines the methods of certifying the need for nursing care after the introduction of Public Insurance for Long-Term Care.

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The function of residential institutions for persons with intellectual disabilities in order to facilitate community living is discussed through a comparison between two different groups of countries. The first group consists of countries that established residential institutions in early twentieth century developing into the movement to community living in late 1950s. The second group is composed of countries that established institutions in 1950s or 1960s just about the time when the first groups of countries proposed the movement of community living with the idea of Normalization. The analysis of the number of residents in residential institutions and smallsized homes in communities in three countries in these 40 years to 100 years shows different patterns. In the U. S. A., the number of residents in residential institutions increased since early twentieth century till 1960s and has been decreasing after the peak of 1967. On the contrary, the number of residents at group homes in community is increasing since 1960s and surpasses the number of residents at residential institutions between 1980 and 1990. This seems to be a typical pattern of countries in the first group. Japan shows a different pattern in which the number of residents in both residential institutions and group homes is increasing although the number of residents in group homes is about one tenth of the residents in residential institutions in 1996. This pattern of Japan is related to the national policy that promotes the community services using resources of residential institutions. Norway also shows a different pattern that the number of residents in residential institutions decreases drastically in five years since 1991 when they started to close of all residential institutions. Further analysis of the function of residential institutions and the development of community living in countries of the second group is required. This will bring many fruitful ideas for developing countries so that they will be able to create the community living without stepping into the poor environments of residential institutions.

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To clarify the following points,head teachers of the elementary school and the junior high school in Kitakyusyu city were asked to answer the questionnaire. 1) Who is keyperson in the school to involve in the issue of nonattendance of students with anxiety about the school situation, or students with truancy? 2) Do your school have some stuffs who have the role to facilitate school-home -community partnerships? 3) Do you think the school need school social worker in Japan? The result were as follows : 1) Class teacher have the responsibility to involve in students with nonattendance. 2) The school don't have some stuffs like school social worker to facilitate school-home-community partnerships. 3) Almost all of head teachers answered that the school need school social worker in Japan. This study's result was discussed from the perspective of the necessity of school soical worker in improving the educational system in Japan.

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The study to examine the recognition of the profession concerning Child maltreatment. Investigated in 1995-1997 for 1) child welfare professionals working at the Child Guidance Centers, 2) child day care center workers, 3) doctor, 4) nurse, 5) public health nurse. The number of effective samples is 1 180. Inner consistence by the a coefficient of Cronbach is examined. Samples were 1050 cases except non-responding and a high numerical value named α=0.871 was obtained. The specimen propriety inspection by the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure is 0.90. Bartlett Test of sphericity : Significance p<0.001. Factor 1 is composed of vignette of maltreatment that neglect and the seriousness degree are high. It can be said that factor 2 is a factor of "It is improper psychologically effect". Factor 3 were "It is - as the punishment", is clear "Act as the punishment", and being recognized clearly assuming that is clear with other improper effects. Maltreatment that the seriousness degree is low belongs to factor 3 at the same time and the structure located in the entire vignette assuming that the seriousness degree is low is a relief in "Act as the punishment". Factor 4 is "Sexual abuse.", and the amount of the factor load is 0.7 or more and a clear factor. Factor 5 is "Physical abuse." Moreover, it can be interpreted to be recognized as body damage in the point "That is made to stand at midnight" though there is an amount of the load of.factor 3 like having mentioned "The outside is made for the child to stand as two punishments at midnight" above, too. In this study, a theoretical improper pattern of the effect and the validity of the vignette group of the investigation vote were able to be verified. Moreover, it was clarified that vignette of "Act as the punishment" forecast by the preceding research became one of the judgment factors repeatedly.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the viewpoints of predicting "IKIGAI (Living Satisfaction)-creation" in elderly, for getting the viewpoints of evaluating the outcomes of "IKIGAI-creation support service". This study operationally defined some concepts about "IKIGAI", and assumed a process of "IKIGAI-creation". The feelings of fulfillment, attainment, comfort, vigor, contribution was nominated as the feelings of engendering "IKIGAI". This study examined that these feelings hold true for feelings of engendering "IKIGAI". This study used these methods for examining the viewpoints of predicting "IKIGAI-creation". Data used in this study were obtained from 938 elderly community residents, aged 60 years and older, living in The Aoba Ward, Sendai City. The results were as follows : The feelings of fulfillment, attainment,comfort, vigor, and contribution, were considered as viewpoints of predicting "IKIGAI-creation". On the institutions that put "IKIGAI-creation support service" into practice, we can assume two available methods form this results. One is that the institutions can use these feelings to set up a substitute purpose to develop a pilot service. The other is that the institutions can use these feelings to categorize some services for comparison each other on common points.

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Family is a significant theme for the professionals of social work and clinical psychology. However, in these days, there is not a clear consensus of family practice which is common to two professional areas. The purpose of this paper is to build a bridge over the approach by social work and clinical psychology. The writer wants to show a practice model named as "Family-Centered Social Work Practice" which was developed in the United States as the model to aim at the new direction of such family practice. First, the basic framework of this model is concisely explained and next, it attempts to examine the effect of the applications across fields of family practice. Family-Centered Social Work Practice presents an ecological systems model of practice that places the family at the center of concern. The first focus for assessment and intervention is the family-environment interface. The second is the intergenerational family system. The third is the current family system. This practice model means that professionals examine the linkages between different systems levels so that family members have more social functioning ability over all areas of their lives. Many professionals of social work and clinical psychology in the family fields may apply theory and technique from this concept in many different setting. One of the effectivness is that the intervention process become able to be made accurate with approach which a focus is double set. Another is that it become possible about the transaction between the family and the.community to assess more accurately. The writer believes that Family-Centered Social Work Practice offers a practical approach to a new direction and the theoretical and technical deveropment focusing on applications across fields of family practice.

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More than fifty years have passed since Korea became free from the colonial rule by Japan. The political, economic and social situation during the post war period has always been serious and was often in disorder. Korean war brought about incredible misery to the Korean society and people were forced to face with all kinds of unfavorable conditions of life. To cope with these miseries, governments have tried to promote social welfare. The military rule which started in 1961 succeeded in the so-called Hangan miracle of economic growth and Korea is now one ofthe most prosperous countries of Asia. But the military regimes regarded social welfare as a means to win the people's support which they had lost when theyobtained political power through coups. Just after they got political hegemony, they passed many laws of social welfare. Social welfare policy of Korea has always been influenced by political factors, not by social or economic factors. We can say that genuine social welfare policy in Korea should be started again by the civil government.

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