Japanese Journal of Social Welfare

The Course and Background of Formation of Vocational Training in the Muramatuseiranso, a National Sanatorium for Tuberculosis : From Sleeping Shelter to Vocational Training

Hajime KAGAYA

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 1-11
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_1

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Before World War II , vocational training for war-wounded was widely conducted in Japan. However ex-servicemen with tuberculosis did not received vocational training. This was because there was no cure for tuberclosis except for aerotherapy, rest treatment and nutritional therapy in an isolated sanatorium. Amid these circumstances, the Muramatuseiransou, the first national sanatorium for tuberculosis in Japan, changed the principle of treatment from isolation to rehabilitation. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the origin and significance of those changes by analyzing the process of the sleeping shelter affair, "an incident of patient violence in 1939, and its effect on occupational treatment. Dr. Kimura Takeaki, the director of Muramatuseiranso, formed a new principle of treatment aimed at solving the problems of the sleeping shelter affair. His treatment priciple was to treat not only the patients'disease, but to also help them deal with their anxiety at having tuberclosis. He thought that medical care for these patients included important role of giving hope of recovery. Therefore he worked to develop the vocational training for tuberculosis patients, and these services increased gradually supported by medical conditions and national policy.

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Problems of the General Rules of Social Welfare Law : Objects, Purposes and Ideal

Noriharu UNUMA

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 13-24
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_13

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The purpose of this paper is to bring to light the problems related to "Social Welfare Law", as well as to make suggestions regarding the same from the following viewpoints ; the object, purpose and ideals of this law. The object of this law namely ; "social welfare oriented programs", is so broad a concept that it is too difficult to grasp it clearly. Besides, "protection of user's interest", which is one of the purposes of this law is, restrictive in scope and is unclear as well, because the term "user's interest" is not clearly defined. The core of its ideal is that the user is able to maintain his dignity by himself. But its most basic ideal is the protection of "human dignity". We must put in efforts to do away the problems facing the law to protect the human rights in keeping with the objective of the constitution and thislaw.

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Development and Democratization Perspectives in Transition of Social Welfare Policy

Takashi TAKAHASHI

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 25-34
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_25

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Some East Asian Industrialized Countries have had achieved high economic performance while maintaining authoritarian regime. In such countries, social welfare policies have been targeted to a few social groups which contributed to economic development. However, in the 1980 s, need-oriented social welfare policies began to be implemented in Taiwan and Korea because of the democratization in both countries. This trends show that democratic policy making process is indispensable to economic development compatible with universal delivery of social services. Therefore, we can see characteristics of social welfare from development-oriented/need-oriented perspective based on policy values and authoritarianism/democracy perspective based on political regimes in East Asian Industrialized Countries. I studied transition model of social welfare policy in East Asian Industrialized Countries from these two perspectives in this article.

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Self-Efficacy of Elderly People Living at Home and the Related Factors

Kunio AOKI, Koji MATSUMOTO

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 35-48
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_35

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This study examined general self-efficacy of elderly people living at home and the related factors. The data was obtained through the questionnaire distributed to 530 (233 males, 297 females) elderly people living at home. Main findings were as follows : 1) The means and standard deviations for self-efficacy scores were 9.58±3.73 points in the elderly males and 7.82±3.65 points in the elderly females. 2) As a result of multiple regression analysis, performed to clarify the effects of 14 factors on self-efficacy of the elderly males, 3 factors such as "SDS (Self-rating Depression Scale)", "Self-esteem" and "Life satisfaction" were selected at a 5% significant level. The multiple correlation coefficient was R=0.739. Judging from each standard partial regression coefficient of the factors, lower SDS, higher self-esteem, higher life satisfaction respectively were proved to have increased self-efficacy of the male elderly people. 3) As a result of the same analysis, performed with the elderly females, 5 factors such as "Having a child (children)", "SDS", "Social support by friends", "Self-esteem" and "Life satisfaction" were selected at a 5% significant level. The multiple correlation coefficient was R=0.728. Judging from each standard partial regression coefficient of the factors, having a child (children), lower SDS, more social support by friends, higher self-esteem, higher life satisfaction respectively were proved to have increased self-efficacy of the female elderly people.

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Study on the Effectiveness of Home-Help Services : Through Surveys on the Satisfaction of Home-Help Service Utilizers and Self-Evaluation Reports of Home-Helpers

Masumi GOTO, Toshiaki WAKAMATSU

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 49-58
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_49

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I. Purpose : To identify the factors that are conducive to quality home-help services and to examine how utilizers of the services, their families, and home-helpers themselves perceive the effectiveness of the services. II. Methods : Questionnaires were distributed to home-help service utilizers, their families, and the 500 home-helpers of an agency which provides the services. In all, 275 homehelpers, 152 families, and 123 service utilizers responded to the questionnaire. They reported on their degree of satisfaction with the services and the home-help system. III. Results : One of the most significant findings was that both utilizers and helpers reported the highest level of satisfaction with the aspect of the system which provides a wider range of services. The "mixed service" aspect was rated highest by utilizers as well as helpers. Second highest was "personal care only" service. Last was "homemaking only" service. Interestingly, the utilizers rated the "homemaking only" service lower than their families. Also significant was the response to the question on "utilizer satisfaction." The perception of "utilizer satisfaction" by the helpers fell in between the perception of the families and that of the utilizers themselves. It became evident that a wider range of service choices is an aspect of the homehelper system that reflected quality and satisfaction by all sides.

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Information Management at the Institutions for People with Disabilities from the Viewpoints of Providing, Disclosing, and Sharing the Information

Tomomi OKIKURA

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 59-70
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_59

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze and discuss the information management at the institutions for people with disabilities from the following three viewpoints ; information provision, information disclosure, and information sharing. There are two types of information provision. One is the information disseminated by the institution or the government to the community level, and the other is the information provided by social workers at a consultation window. The information disclosure is a way to acquire the official papers regarding administrative report, and its process takes time, money, and effort due to the difficulties in specifying the actual name of the official papers. The information sharing is to share the information regarding case records and individualized plan among staff and users, so that more effective services may be provided. It becomes necessary to protect personal information and to decide how the user's self-determination takes place. The problems are inaccuracy of assessment criteria and non-systematized case recording system, and non-established follow-up system. The paper finally discussed the need to define the staffs functions as a coordinator, a processor, and an interpreter of the information, to ensure the accurate information dissemination.

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Community Welfare and "Human Settlement" : To Promote Ideal Staying Put in the Community for Elderly People

Mika YAMAMOTO

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 71-81
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_71

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The housing policy on elderly people which now stands in place must be revised to meet their present needs. "Housing as a place to live" is becoming a critical issue as many of the aged wish to keep their independent lifestyle. At present, the housing policy does not attach importance or encourage these people to continue residing in their own homes or neighborhoods with other family members. One of the reasons, for this oversight, was that the government only focused on the problem with a view as to how many public housings they could put up. There was not much consideration about its long term effects on the elderly and their health whereas such moves were necessary. From now on, there should be an emphasis on keeping people in their homes. Which lets the elderly continue their present life with family, neighbors and other community members, and allow them to keep their identity and not feel isolated from society. This movement can be summarized as paradigm to "Human Settlement." "Human settlement policy" 1. Urgently grasping the housing needs of the needy. 2. Broaden and balance the policies. 3. This will allow residents to be able to make their own community and consensus. "Human Settlement Policy" must be formulated and implemented by the local governments. In this area "Human Settlement Policy" should become a community welfare idea. Once, the ideas have been implemented the "Human Settlement" of the elderly can be ensured.

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An Analysis of the Motivations of Japanese College Students Volunteering in Human Services

Hayato TANIDA

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 83-94
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_83

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In this study, 167 college students involved in human service organizations were asked to rank in importance 32 motives for volunteering that had been identified in a literature review. They were asked about their motives that concern one ; to begin volunteering and two ; to continue volunteering. Results indicate the tendency that to Japanese students in their initial and continued involvement, the most important are egoistic or individual-oriented motivations, that is, "excellent educational experience," and "broadening my horizons." When orthogonal factor analyses with varimax rotation were executed on the 32 motives, 6 factors, which underlie such motives, were obtained as their initial involvement. The first factor was labeled "part of club activities," the second "altruistic intention," the third "realization of the importance of volunteering for people in need," the forth "commitment to the cause of democratic society," the fifth "sense of emptiness," and the sixth "expectations from other people." As for their continued involvement, 5 factors were obtained as follows, from the top to the bottom. "Acquisition of valuable experiences," "realization of the importance of volunteering for people in need," "commitment to the cause of democratic society," "altruistic intention," and "getting a job." To conclude, from the above results, it is better for recruiters or volunteer coordinators to keep in mind that when designing volunteer work for students, it should be structured to satisfy the factors of students' motives as well as their motivations.

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The Development and Legislations of Community Transport in the U. K.

Mayumi TAKAHASHI

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 95-105
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_95

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The "right to transport" should be respected as one of the rights to live and the transport service is indispensable to guarantee this right. In the U. K., the service called Community Transport has been provided in various ways mainly by voluntary organizations since 1970's. Moreover, a law revision in the direction along the service offer and the mobility needs has been done since then. The present Government policies like "active community" and "social inclusion" see Community Transport as the important conditions to encourage more people to get involved into the community. In this essay, I explore the development and legislations of Community Transport in the U. K. Then I will refer to the importance of the transport service as one of conditions to receive social services and the need to arrange relevant legislations in Japan.

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Non-Profit Organizations and Social Audit : A Case in Scotland

Koichiro MURAYAMA

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 107-116
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_107

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Non-profit organizations (NPOs) are expected to play an important role in many fields including social welfare. It is necessary for them to evaluate their performance and with good grounds demonstrate that they are contributing to public interests. But how properly is their performance being evaluated, with objective measures for that being generally absent? As an answer to this question, "community businesses", a type of NPOs in Scotland, have recently developed an original system called "social audit". In it the performance of NPOs is evaluated from different viewpoints of "stakeholders" of the organisation, that is, all those people who are affected by or who can affect the organisation. That multi-perspective given by them makes credible evaluation possible. Despite some problems to be overcome, "social audit" is one of the most suitable systems for both evaluating the performance of NPOs and demonstrating the impact of their activities on society.

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Niche Development : One Aspect of Discharge Planning by Social Workers in University Hospitals

Miyoko MIKE

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 117-129
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_117

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The purpose of this study is to explore one aspect of discharge planning by social workers in university hospitals using a Grounded Theory Approach. This study is part of a larger qualitative research project on discovering the entire picture of discharge planning by social workers in university hospitals and focuses on social workers' activities related to university hospitals, but beyond the frame of the direct practice. The data are derived from semi-structured interviews with nine expert social workers of three university hospitals and are analyzed through Grounded Theory Approach. The study discovers "Niche Development" with four strategies and three processes as a core category. It shows that social workers at university hospitals are engaged in Niche Development in order to perform better discharge planning for the life renewal of each patient and family. The study also summarizes the theory and practice implications of developing social work theory and concepts, and of improving social workers' discharge planning.

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Certain Effectiveness and Limitations of the Present Community Interventions towards Elderly Abuse

Etsuko KATO

Article type: Article
2001 Volume 41 Issue 2 Pages 131-141
Published: March 25, 2001
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.41.2_131

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The present practice of community interventions towards elderly abuse at home has shown both "certain effectiveness" and "limitations" according tofthe survey conducted with community nurses and social workers who are responsible for reducing elderly abuse in Aichi Prefecture. In this survey, questionnaires were sent to 177 community care centers in Aichi Prefecture and out of which 107 centers answered. Major findings are : (1) In some cases, it is rather difficult to set practical goal itself to eradicate elderly abuse. (2) In 26.3% cases, workers' ordinary intervention made little improvement on abusive situation. (3) The same result was found in the cases which were given elaborate care services by the workers. (4) Workers' home visiting itself, however, was found effective to change family relationships and reduce elderly abuse to some extent ("coping with the situation"). Finding the methods of "solving the problem" would be my next task.

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