Previous studies have not revealed the policy design of the PHW (Public Health and Welfare Section, GHQ) , which was vigorously engaged in child welfare policy during the Occupation. The purpose of this study is to explore it through the establishment process of the Children's Bureau in the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The following two points have come to light as a result. 1. PHW considered that the lack of personnel, food and equipment appeared to be less of an obstacle than Japanese indifference to child protection. For this reason, in the early period of the Occupation, PHW was engaged in raising Japanese concern and making Japanese understand its importance. It was demonstrated by the creation of notification, promotion of the establishment of the Children's Bureau and a proposal for a female appointment as Chief of the Children's Bureau. 2. The two policy ideals of the PHW were that "all children's welfare should be considered" and that "institutions relating to the problems of child welfare should cooperate." These policy ideals were realized by the establishment of the Children's Bureau.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the role and position of charity in early Tudor England. As for study of relief of poverty, several studies have been made on poor relief systems or poor laws, but there have been few studies that tried to forcus on charity. However, in his study, W.K.Jordan proves that the parish councils at that time recommended parishoners to give charity to the poor. In this paper, using the original Statute of the Realm and several commentaries, I am trying to investigate the formation of the Statute of Charitable Uses (1601) and to confirm the background, outline, meaning and limitations of the statute.

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This article under the title "Construction of the Resource System in Social Work Practice" is composed of two parts. A theoretical consideration is attempted in this first part, and practical analysis will be discussed in the second part. The empowerment theory of traditional social work has analyzed the level of adaptation of individuals from the viewpoint of the resources necessary for life. Many theorists who advocate this theory consider the adaptation level of an individual to be decided directly by external and physical resources. As a result, these theorists could not construct sophisticated theories to analyze the mechanism of the transactions of an individual by which these resources are produced. In this article, the transactional mechanism that produces the resources for adaptation will be clarified. In addition, the authors aim to construct a social work practice that activates such a transactional mechanism.

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Japan's social welfare system has recently changed from one of placement, to one of choice and self-determination. In the new system, people with needs must choose the particular service which meets their needs. Since needs are often not clearly recognized, even by the client, underlying needs must be assessed through a cooperative relationship between the client and a skilled social worker. What, then, is highly skilled social work? What is proficiency in social work? The purpose of this study was to produce a social work proficiency inventory that could be applied to social work practice. Seven attributes, characteristic of the social work profession, were identified. Based on these attributes, we designed a 67-item questionnaire. 329 members of the Japan Association for Medical Social Work, from the Kinki region in central Japan, were asked to rate each item on a scale of one to five. An analysis of their responses facilitated close examination of the items, and this produced the Social Work Proficiency Inventory which consists of 63 items.

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The purposes of the study were to examine the three-factor structure of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and assess correlations with an outcome variable, with three different samples of human service professionals (1,006 care staff at nursing homes for the aged for testing previously proposed models; 485 childcare staff at nurseries and 270 residential workers at rehabilitation centers for people with mental retardation as validation samples). The adequacy of the three-factor oblique model across three occupational samples was tested by structural equation modeling, and then correlations between the three dimensions and Intention to Quit a job in two validation samples were computed. Although the simultaneous factor analysis for three groups produced an acceptable fit and different pattern of factor loadings for three samples, the factor correlations between Personal Accomplishment and Emotional Exhaustion were positive across all samples contrary to the expectations indicated by the a priori findings, and those between Personal Accomplishment and Depersonalization were low in childcare staff and not statistically significant in the other two samples. In addition, the three dimensions showed correlations with Intention to Quit a job in the expected directions, but Personal Accomplishment had low magnitudes with no significance associations. These results supported the inadequacy of the internal structure of three-dimensional model of burnout and the weak performance of Personal Accomplishment.

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A variety of studies focussing on the issues of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been published since the 1980s. The long-term effects of traumatic stress, however, still remain as a controversial issue. The purpose of this study is to present a conceptual framework of survivor guilt, one of the long-term psychological effects of traumatic experience, and discuss its mechanism as well as the practical implications in social work settings. This purpose is accomplished by focusing on the following aspects: 1) existential guilt and content guilt as a conceptual framework of survivor guilt, 2) literature review of former studies, 3) practical implications, and 4) considerations. Practical implications are clarified through emphasizing the following six issues: 1) establishment of workerclient relationship, 2) assessment methods, 3) principles of goal setting, 4) formulation and utilization of self-help groups, 5) issues of worker's self awareness, and 6) considerations. In addition, future research implications as well as the roles of social work are summarized in the considerations section.

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The purpose of the present study is to show the role function in school social work practice for students with school refusal. The interview record data of two groups was compared by using the method of the qualitative analysis of Strauss & Corbin. One group consisted of 10 students who began to attend the school again. The other group consisted of 10 students who continue to refuse attendance. The results showed that the dimensions of "friendship" property and "goal-oriented" property had important influences on the school attendance of students with school refusal. That is, students who rebuilt friendship showed positive behaviors to attend school again. The present results suggest the effectiveness of social group work practice for students with school refusal. Particularly, Schwartz's "interactional model" is essential because the perspective of his practice model is not only to tackle building social skills of clients through the human relationship of the group, but also to improve the environment of clients. Therefore, social group work for students with school refusal suggested by Schwartz's model aims at improving the school environment, human relationships and goal-oriented behaviors of students with school refusal.

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This study attempts to find ways to promote mothers' acceptance of their children's disability. By comparing different age groups of children (those who were 1 year old or younger when the 1 1/2 year check-up requirement was institutionalized, and those who were 2 years old or older) , Analysis 1 identifies the influences of the 1 1/2 year check-up requirement in affecting the mothers' acceptance process. Analysis 2 identifies the correlative variables that influence the time taken for the mothers' acceptance. Based on the results from both analyses, 1) There are no significant differences between the age groups in the detection, and diagnosis periods. 2) The mothers' psychological reactions within the process of accepting the disability are identical between the age groups, but the timing of those reactions varies significantly. 3) Due to the 1 1/2 year check-up requirement, the time required to accept the disability diagnosis has shortened. However, the psychological confusion that the mothers' suffers has been appearing at an earlier stage; therefore, a support system to ensure mothers' psychological stability is required from the early stage. 4) After institutionalization of the check-up requirement, the length of time each mother needs to accept the diagnosis varies according to mothers' age, children's age (both at the point of research) , the expert's explanation, and the time it takes after the diagnosis for the mother to join a parents support group.

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This study was designed to elucidate problems caused by children who had been admitted to a residential care facility for children and by the guardians of the children as well as to elucidate the relationships between abnormal behaviors of children on admission to the facility and problems faced by or caused by their guardians. Information on 867 children (463 boys and 404 girls) who had been admitted and discharged from a residential care facility for children in Hokkaido between 1 946 and 1 997 was obtained from staff of the facility. Descriptive statistics was first used to analyze all items. Next, the chi-squared test was used to determine whether the behavior of children on admission to the facility was normal or abnormal by focusing on problems faced by or caused by their guardians at that time. The most frequent problem related to difficulty in child-raising faced by guardians at the time of admission of children to the facility was absence of a spouse in the home, and the second-most frequent problem was low income. Abuse-related problems caused by guardians were (in order of frequency) indolence-related problems such as child neglect, physical abuse, psychological abuse and sexual abuse. Sickness-related problems were (in order of frequency) mental disorders and alcoholic abuse. At the time of admission, 54.4% of the children were judged to have abnormal behavior and 45.6% of the children were judged to have no abnormal behavior. The abnormal behaviors were (in order of frequency) larceny, other behavioral problems, poor scholastic achievement, and running away from home. On discharge, 40.9% of the children were judged to have abnormal behavior and 59.1% of the children were judged to have no abnormal behavior. The abnormal behaviors were (in order of frequency) larceny, run away with money, other behavioral problems, and refusal to go to school. The results of analysis of the correlation between abnormal behavior of children on admission to the facility and problems with their guardians showed that a larger number of boys in the "abnormal behavior" group than in the "no abnormal behavior" group were in families in which the guardians had or caused problems, including (in order of frequency) absence of a spouse, physical abuse, indolence-related problems such as child neglect, problems other than mental disorders requiring long-term care, alcoholic abuse, and other problems. The results of analysis also showed that a larger number of girls in the "abnormal behavior" group than in the "no abnormal behavior" group were in families in which the guardians had or caused problems, including psychological abuse, indolence-related problems such as child neglect, and other problems.

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This paper aimed at (1)an ethnography of participant observation in Residential Home for Persons with Intellectual Disabilities, (2)a consideration of effects of categories which were created by analysis of fieldnotes on realization of residents' needs in the Residential Home which was the subject of this study, (3)a consideration of support plans which were satisfied with residents' living in Residential Home. As results of analysis of fieldnotes, 3 categories were created; "factors of interrupted realization of needs" (with 2 subcategories: 'influences of others' and 'physically deficient') , "supporting needs" ('direct support', 'indirect support') , and "adjustment by his/her own" ('coping with factors of interrupted realization of needs', 'ability to ask for support'). Two plans of support were considered from an analysis of relations between categories, namely, (a) weight "adjustment by his/her own" category from a viewpoint of empowerment, (b) weight "supporting needs" category from a viewpoint of respect for independence. Some concrete measures are mentioned which might constitute sufficient conditions of being satisfied with residents' living in a Residential Home.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure and construct of the Pines Burnout Measure (BM ; 1988 ). The subjects were 282 residential workers at rehabilitation centers for people with mental retardation aged from 21 to 56, in Okayama Prefecture. A second-order factor model with 21 items proposed by Pines and Aronson and five other revised models were tested using structural equation modeling. Since some doubts arose as to the construct validity and content validity of the proposed model and all of the revised models, the construct validity and one-dimensionality of BM were examined through both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. It was found that the construct validity and internal consistency of the factorial model were acceptable. The findings suggested that the component of burnout in Japanese human service workers have one-dimensionality.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a filial obligation scale that measures how adult daughters feel about the obligation of caring for their parents. We made a tentative filial obligation scale with 33 items based on Morioka's theory that indicates filial obligation consists of three dimensions: financial support, mental support, and physical aids. After a preliminary survey, we ended up with a scale which is composed of 1 1 items; three for financial support, three for mental support, and five for physical aids. To assess reliability and validity, a questionnaire survey was administered to 199 female respondents (response rate 53%) in their 30s and living in Isehara, Kawagoe City. The combined Cronbach alpha was 0.82; 0.86 for financial support, 0.67 for mental support, and 0.76 for physical aids, which demonstrates high reliability. The factor analysis results precisely reflected Morioka' s three dimensions of filial obligation. The significant relationship found between intimacy and filial obligation offers further support to Morioka's theory. These two findings provide validity. Further research is suggested to examine a more diverse sample (e.g., men and women 20-50 years old), and a larger sample size to confirm the usefulness of this new scale.

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In this paper I have tried to analyze the Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCl) system in Japan by means of Quasi-Market principles. This Quasi-Market is, incidentally, one where, according to LeGrand and Bartlett, efficiency, responsiveness, choice and equity can be achieved dependant upon such conditions as changing market structures, smooth information flow, reasonable cost performance, appropriate motivations and preventive measures against cream-skimming. In considering the Quasi-Market LTCI with these points in mind, I examined the extent to which conditions have been met for Japan becoming completely Quasi-Market, and the unique characteristics of the system here. As a result of my analysis, it is pointed out that there is a lack of timely response to clients' needs, chiefly because the LTCI defines one of its aims, efficiency, in terms of crude, and not productive, efficiency. Furthermore, it is clear that there is also a limited application to selectiveness because of imperfect information elucidation and far-from-satisfactory inspection systems concerning service contents. And as to fairness, it is argued, the concept itself needs reexamination.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the components and variables of ethical decision-making in the care of the elderly, from the viewpoint of social work. This paper, which limits the discussion to the ethical decision-making of care management, examines the ethical dilemmas and decision-making of care managers. In order to evaluate the ethics lying over the ground of the decision-making by care managers, this paper also reviews the argument on moral reasoning, which it is attempted to apply to social work using two ethical models. One is an analytic model of ethics using reason based on fundamental principles, that is, the ethics of human right that attaches a high value to the self-determination or autonomy of individuals. The other is the ethics of virtue based on the solicitude or care of others including negotiation or compromise through communication.

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There are two areas of focus in this research. The 1st is early intervention in acute grief after the occurrence of injury sickness and disability. The 2nd is the acceptance of the injury sickness and disability as an intervention effect. The problem that is common to patients who do not accept the injury sickness and disability is a lack of appropriate early intervention, after the injury sickness and disability occurred. In recent years, hospitals specializing in the acute disease period give advanced specialized treatment in the short term only. Therefore, the there is less interest in providing early intervention in the acute grief of the patients and family. There has been little effective research of the early intervention model in acute grief after the occurrence of the damage sickness and disability. A hospital social worker tried early intervention with a patient of multiple sclerosis in acute grief. As a result, effects of the intervention such as the acceptance of sickness were observed. Therefore my report covors 2 topics. The 1st is an early intervention process. And the 2nd is the constitution of early intervention. This early intervention is composed of intervention guidelines, intervention time/period, intervention attitude and plural intervention techniques.

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The purpose of this research was to grasp the stress levels and resources of parents who have physically handicapped or mentally retarded children, and how this relates to the children's independent living. Seven hundred and thirty six parents with handicapped children who live in Kyoto and Kagawa Prefectures filled out a prepared questionnaire. Results showed that parents generally experienced a certain degree of stress and lack of resources relating to their children's independent living, and such stress varied according to the severity of children's disability. In addition, we found a tendency for parents to experience anxiety in regard to the future independent living from as early as the elementary school period. In conclusion, early and continuous parental support for their children's independent living is necessary, and providing social resources to enhance their stress coping abilities is important.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the actual circumstances of the welfare environment from the standpoint of Care Managers in the Y-prefecture, who have been appointed since the inception of Kaigo-Hoken in April,2000. In order to obtain the data, the survey questionnaires were delivered to 599 care managers representing nearly all nominated offices of home care support including residential ones, and the rate of reply was approximately half. The results suggested many typical problems from local characteristic market of welfare services such as welfare environment through special service suppliers, the situations of offices including the status conditions of care managers, the effective field of information technique, care-management affairs of linkage and coordination in their communities, and the insufficient infrastructure of information technology and so forth. Consequently, the results require the construction of the new system from individual responsible points of the novelty based on our welfare personal social services.

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The research was implemented to study how effectively a health and social system would work in a leprosy colony, and to measure the QOL of its residents (patients/expatients) in their living circumstances, in southern Thailand. Health Reform has been undertaken and Social Security has developed in Thailand in 1990s, but it cannot be said that the system provides enough social services in a local leprosarium. There were few related laws, information or procedures, including availability and accessibility, supporting the system although 73.3% (66/90) of residents have qualified to receive an ID for disabled status. QOL itself gathered from 189 subjects in poor economic situations was relatively good in terms of social, environmental and community relationships, even in financial difficulties, isolated from society and with social stigma. The above factors affecting social QOL need to be further investigated with comparative studies.

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