This study tries to identify what is the indispensable key knowledge for social work in order to execute more effective operations to solve social problems. For this purpose, the starting point was to clarify incredulous opinions against knowledge that can be obtained through social work education, and as the next step, analytical description on the relations between the nation and ideology as well as social work and ideology were investigated. Further, the consideration was extended to the research related to reorganizing of the social work theories including ideology analysis. It was verified that the key elements for social work knowledge are to objectify the dominant paradigm of the already established social order and reorganize it as objective fact, to question the disirable way of being society or the vision of the desired society, and to reorganize or reform social work theory to include this social analysis.

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This article analyzes the structural problem of values in social work, especially focusing on the principle of "Self-determination". In traditional discussion, this principle is recognized as the most important one regarding the value of "respect for the dignity of all persons". But in the present discussion, we have conflicts and dilemmas in the practice of this principle. In this article, the author analyzes these kinds of dilemmas or conflicts as the structural problem of the theoretical framework of values, especially regarding the principle of "Self-determination". The author reviews post-1990 's discussion about the principle of self-determination in the United States and United Kingdom, and then analyzes this discussion according to the concept of "modern civil society" and "modern worth individuals" based on the idea of the German Philosopher, Immanuel Kant. Based on this analysis the author points out and clarities the problem or defect of the theoretical framework of values in social work. Finally, the author emphasizes the importance of the empirical science of social work practice with the inductive method, to create a new theoretical framework of the value and principle in social work.

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The study examines the structure and characteristics of self-determination of people with intellectual disabilities in residential facilities, based on the reports of their direct care staff. The study analyzes the relationship between five domains of self-determination and some characteristics of the residents. The validity of the data received from the proxy respondents is also examined. A survey was conducted by mail with the direct care staff of facilities affiliated with the Osaka Association of Intellectual Disabilities. Information was collected regarding 693 residents of the facilities. The response rate to the survey was 71.7%. Factor analysis identifies five domains related to self-determination. Correlational analysis indicated that age is positively correlated with most of the five identified domains, and that the level of disability is positively correlated with all of the domains. However, length of stay was found to be negatively related to the performance of activities of daily living and also to going out with and visits by friends and acquaintances.

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This paper examines the discussion regarding the support provided by the public assistance system, with focus on the concept of self-reliance and considers the proposed review of the public assistance system. If we advance a fundamental review of the public assistance system from the perspective of self-reliance support,beginning with the establishment of a special committee that would examine the ideal roles that the public assistance system should play, it is believed that the concept of self-reliance would become an issue concerning the ideal support that should be provided.Despite some delays in the discussion on self-reliance support in the public assistance system, there has been a decision to define self-reliance support in the final report. This definition is supposed to embody the existence of self-reliance support through the creation of a self-reliance support program. As a consequence-assuming self-reliance to mean not only economic self-reliance but also self-reliance in daily life and social life-self-reliance begins to closely reflect the change in the purpose of the system. As the review system is against the idea of "security," it is crucial to make an effort toward self-reliance support as well as to consider an alternative concept.

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In this study, the author takes up the significance of human relations for children with disabilities to live in the community, and deliberates on the roles to be played by after-school care of schoolchildren. He tries to classify some forms of after-school care of schoolchildren that receive children with disabilities and through fieldwork there, inquires into the possibility of social inclusion. He discusses the concept of inclusion concept and the present situation of children with disabilities in special support education. Then he insists on the significance of human relations in the community toward realizing social inclusion. As one way to achieve this, the author indicates the present state and issues to be solved in order to realize social inclusion by giving examples of some kinds of after-school care of schoolchildren. The author deliberates issues to be solved in the future in order to make afterschool care of schoolchildren more effective in realizing social inclusion. He thinks that it is important to create discussion about the roles to be played by afterschool care of schoolchildren, with the aim of realizing social inclusion, because the number of places offering after-school care of schoolchildren, including children with disabilities, has recently increased.

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This study aims to discuss the desires and difficulties of people with severe intellectual disabilities. Further, it aims to propose a support perspective that helps support staff understand the feelings and perceptions of those with severe disabilities in the community (community support perspective). A qualitative analysis of the assessment on personal futures planning, one aspect of person-centered planning conducted by group home support staff, revealed the following findings. Desires included the following five categories : enjoyable activities in daily life, range of experiences, human relationships, self-control and self-selection, and demands made to any support staff. Moreover, difficulties involved five categories : daily rhythm, relationship with other residents in the group home, communication with support staff, behavior that is not approved by others in the community, and control over resident's own life. It is concluded that the desires and difficulties of people with severe disabilities are closely linked. Further, the community support perspective leads to individual support that values the desires of each person with disabilities by taking into account their difficulties and making it possible for them to lead a community life.

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The author performed a qualitative study to clarify the change process of a woman with cerebral palsy, Ms. A, as she moved to independent living, from her co-living with parents and receiving care from them. This article is a sequel of the processes of Ms. A which I have followed and documented till now. Ms. A decided to stop living together with her parents and start independent living, taking the attendant services. But on the process of "Withdrawal Process from the Way of the Single Life", she discontinues the steps to independent living because of (a) some trouble related to the search for an apartment, (b) worries about health and how health care would work in practice, and (c) worries concerning the attendant and attendant management. The author describes and explains the process and the background of such a change, presenting three incidents that happened to Ms. A. Using the strength perspective by C. A. Rapp and a concept, "uncoordinated mismatch of needs and social resources", the author created another study.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify trends in the recognition of subjective needs in users and staff of nursing homes for persons with severe physical disabilities. Particularly, the study focused on differences in the recognition of subjective needs between both groups through comparative analysis. Targeting the users and staff of nursing homes across Japan, a questionnaire survey was conducted using a scale of subjective needs in physically disabled persons, specifically developed for this study. Valid answers were collected from 209 pairs of the users and staff members. The scale, comprising 14 items on 3 subscales for the factors of "daily needs, ""psychological needs, "and "social needs, " was evaluated for reliability and validity, and judged as acceptable for the study purpose. The analysis revealed that : 1) there was a difference in the recognition of subjective needs between the users and staff, with the latter overvaluing subjective needs compared to the former, and 2) the users showed a trend in their recognition of subjective needs, being most aware of "social needs, " and subsequently of "psychological needs" and "daily needs" in this order. These findings highlighted the difficulty for the staff to accurately recognize the subjective needs of users.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the process of 1960's "AOISHIBANOKAI". There is little previous work published about 1960's "AOISHIBANOKAI" despite the fact that this organization has been studied by many scholars. In this study, I focus on conflicting ideas in "AOISHIBANOKAI" in the late 1960's. The result of the analysis shows that in the late 1960's "AOISHIBANOKAI" included two conflicting view points. Older members emphasized both charity events and the rights movement within the realm of social norms. On the other hand, new members believed they should cease charity events because it was a barrier to the rights movement. New members believed that the rights movement was more important than social norms. "AOISHIBANOKAI" become less active in the late 1960's because of the conflict between these two groups. Nevertheless, there is two aspects that lead to the later movement. First, some members were already thinking that society should be changed for them rather they adapt to the society. Second, some members had already have tried independent living.

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Backed by the increasing expenditure of Long-Term Care Insurance and its strict benefit management, "Mutual Help" as community-based welfare has recently received more attention. To clarify its problems and prospects for the coming years, I surveyed two areas rich in variety and numbers of Community-based Social Welfare Service Association in Tokyo. In the results, one major and common trend was identified : the lack of service members. Beyond the imbalance of service supply and demand, several structural limitations have become apparent : the absence of united care philosophy, insufficient coordination of the parties involved, and overall financial limitations. Thus, when we attempt to expand "Mutual Help" fairly throughout society, we cannot be concerned only with simple organizational expansion, but it is vital that we also coordinate the parties involved more comprehensively as well as working towards a more economically neutral pricing system to ensure supply and demand.

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Most research on elderly care in Japan has primarily focused on the perspectives of the caregivers and has not closely examined the views and experience of care-receivers. Elderly individuals who become care-receivers face many challenges that affect their relationships with caregivers. These challenges relate to their own experiences, behaviors, knowledge and attitudes on care. It is assumed that effective partnerships can reduce the stress and improve the quality of care for both caregivers and care-receivers. This may in turn help to reduce the sense of powerlessness and increase the sense of efficacy experienced by elderly care-receivers. Semi-structured interviews, conducted with 15 care-receivers who require more than 8 hours of care assistance per week, identified seven core themes in the care-receivers' perspectives with five family caregivers : (1)beliefs on care needs, (2)coping attitudes, (3)self-care, (4)participation in meaningful activities, ^building networks, (6)use of available services, and(7)future planning. Under these seven themes, some positive attitudes, participation in physical and mental self-care, acquisition of knowledge to handle new challenges, and behavioral adaptation to their new life were identified as crucial for care-receiving in their new role. Finally, the need for further research on care-receiver for social work practice is discussed.

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This is a study of the present condition and possibility of Non-profit Organization for the Promotion of Community Well-Being in the Republic of South-Korea. I use three relationships ; "The Public of Government" and "The Community of People" and "A Personal Domain" of Naoshi Yamawaki (2004) as viewpoints for considerat. Non-profit Organizations of the Republic of South-Korea carried out political activity and achieved a result called welfare policy reform by participating for leadership in a democratization movement and the establishment process of The National Basic Livelihood Act. As a characteristic of this activity, the different organizations involved shared the issue of democratization and the life problem of the nation as their common problem and formed "A flexible network" of interorganization that led to reform of the welfare administration. However, those activities omitted some problems concerning the issue of life of community people and the viewpoint of community people's empowerment. In this study, I search for ways in which future Non-profit Organizations of the Republic of South-Korea can overcome these problems and attain the possibility to become a leading figure in the Promotion of Community Well-Being, by focusing on the example of the K-Organization activity.

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Tasks of practice education are to set forth attainment targets at the time of graduation from the perspective of a Competency model and to construct the whole of practice education from that basis. No methodology for constructing practice education is available. Therefore, this report proposes an new approach to practice education by introducing an ISO9001 standard conception as the methodology for constructing a total practice education system and outcomes from examinations related to evaluation areas, items, and levels of practice education. First, this report presents the validity of the ISO9001 standard conception as a methodology for constructing a total practice education. Next, as evaluation areas and items, the necessity of an area which should be called learning competence is indicated in addition to that of professional competence. In conclusion, integrating an ISO9001 standard conception, which constructs a system of practice education and educational practice, and a Competency model, which presents items of students' learning outcomes, we introduce the Donabedian model with three areas of structure, process, and outcome for evaluation of the quality of practice education.

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