Japanese Journal of Social Welfare

Social Solidarity and the Welfare State : The Need for Realignment of Personal Solidarity

Fumiko MEGA

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 3-15
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_3

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The welfare state has been negatively affected by the emergence of new social challenges. This article explores the necessity for a realignment of social solidarity, in order to reconcile such risks. Welfare states in the 20^<th> century were created to address the demands which emerged in post-modern and post-industrial societies. In recent years, however, an undermining of social solidarity has resulted in the erosion of the structure of welfare states. Accordingly, they have become unable to respond to new social risks, which have emerged due to transformation of families, communities, and workplaces. This article argues that social solidarity, as one of the core principles of social welfare, should be realigned in order to restructure welfare states. In particular, in addition to examining the sustainability of the impersonal solidarity of the social security system (that is solidarity at the systemic level), exploring possible methods of realignment of personal solidarity (at the family, community and workplace level) is inevitable. One possible effective strategy for the realignment of personal solidarity is a building mutual aid system, using the idea of intimate spheres.

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A Historical Study on the Organization of the Medical Health Cooperative : From the Example of Southern Part of the Isewan Typhoon Stricken Area in Minami Ward, Nagoya-city

Jyunji ASAI

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 16-28
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_16

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By analyzing the foundation process of the Minami Medical Health Cooperation in the Isewan typhoon stricken area using primary documents, this study found a relationship of mutual trust between suffering inhabitants and the aid workers. The study also identified the process as a part of settlement activities. The activities of the Minami Medical Health Cooperation have pioneer and human rights spirit. 90% of the members who supported the union's establishment were from Minami Ward, and the purpose of this union was to have equal access to good medical care cheaply. The experiences of settlement activities of healthcare workers and supporters contributed to the union's establishment. Also, people's self motivation to solve the regional issues in cooperation with supporters served as the driving force of the cooperation's establishment. As a result, the recovery of disaster victims and reconstruction activities were forwarded by local residents.

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Four Types and Courses of Social Work Theories : Analysis of Shakaijigyo (Social Work), 1938～1945

Yukiko NOGUCHI

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 29-41
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_29

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Of Social work theory, Okochi (1938) said that the application of social work is out of the economic order and that we must annul this unsound tradition. On the basis of this idea of Okochi, this paper uses the framework of science and tradition and the restriction and expansion of applicant, and synthesizes previous reviews in order to propose a comprehensive viewpoint for the understanding of social work theories in 1938〜1945. In this framework, these theories can be classified into four types; "universal expansion theory", "adopted traditional theory", "charity theory" and "scientific characteristic theory". Regarding the course of social work, the first type shows social reform movement, the second type means welfare activity and the establishment of cooperative order, the third type is individual protection, and the last type shows social cultural institutions, housing and health policy, case work and so on.

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ITOGA Kazuo and SHIMOMURA Kojin : As Seen through the "KEMURINAKAMA" Movement

Toshitaka HACHIYA

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 42-54
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_42

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ITOGA Kazuo is one of the most important social workers in Japan after the Second World War. It has been proposed that he was influenced by the philosopher, KIMURA Motomori; however the author recognized the existence of several other factors that affected his thought. Further, the author observed that ITOGA was associated with SHIMOMURA Kojin and had participated in the "KEMURINAKAMA" movement, which was developed by SHIMOMURA. This paper is a study of ITOGA during his association with SHIMOMURA from 1941 to 1956. The paper discusses his relationship with SHIMOMURA, and the "KEMURINAKAMA" movement. Through this examination, it was clarified that the activities of the "KEMURINAKAMA" movement have been important in reconsidering ITOGA's thoughts.

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Participation in the Crime Victims' Movement by Family Members of Homicide and Manslaughter Victims : Focusing on the Empowerment Approach

Ryoko TAKIGUCHI, Fujie ITO

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 55-68
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_55

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Behind the rapid advance of policies for crime victims in Japan was the crime victims' movement, composed especially of family members of murder victims. However, by reviewing trends of research on family members of murder victims, research focusing on the victims' movement and social action is sparse. This study examined the experiences of murder victims' family members, especially focusing on their involvement in the victims' movement. The purpose of this study was to analyze what they experienced after the murders, how they were involved in the movement, and what they gained. We interviewed 11 members of a victim advocacy organization (the "Victims' Organization"). This qualitative study analyzed narratives of murder victims' families in regard to the process of their participation in the "Victims' Organization". Through analysis of the interview transcripts, two categories, "Feelings related to the cases" and "The process where the family members started taking part in and continued their activism", were found. Also, we explored the process of their participation from the perspective of empowerment approach in regard to powerlessness, components of empowerment, and levels of action of power.

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A Qualitative Analysis of a Treatment System in Therapeutic Community "Amity" : Focusing on Group Dynamics within the Tripartite Role in a Therapeutic Community

Emi HIKITSUCHI

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 69-81
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_69

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This study clarifies the treatment system in therapeutic community (TC) 'Amity' in the U.S.A. It aims to introduce a TC method to Japanese addiction recovery field, since we have not yet started a traditional TC in Japan. Observation and interviews conducted with residents and apprentices and staff members aimed to discuss the pluralistic structure in Amity. A qualitative analysis of the interviews, conducted with 12 students and apprentices and staff members, was based on three perspectives; philosophy, structure and practice. It showed that the Amity treatment system integrates professional treatment method and self-help approach. The system included the intermediate role of apprentice between traditional relationship clients and professionals, and showed that every position has various roles. This was named the "tripartite treatment system".

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Analysis of the Quality of Life in an Institution for Maltreated Children : Based on Interviews with and Narratives of Children

Kayoko ITO

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 82-95
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_82

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This study aims to clarify what children living in a children's home in Japan require for their quality of life, support and role of workers. Author held semistructured interviews with 10 children in a children home. The data showed four things below: (1) many children were happy and satisfied with the institutional life because of the good quality of the physical environment; (2) they had been conflicted in their desire to live with their biological families; (3) how children recognized human relations in the institution had an impact on the degree of satisfaction, and (4) many children were afraid during the admission process. For these results, author suggested three things; (1) the physical environment is essential to the quality of life in the children's home; (2) the human-relation making skills or competency of workers is the key to improving children's satisfaction level, and (3) good quality admission care is sincerely required.

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Reconsidering a Custom from the Perspective of Child Protection : Focusing on the "Protection of Foster and Adoptive Children"

Eunhwa KANG

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 96-107
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_96

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Non-relative placements such as adoption and foster family care are traditional customs in Japan. However, this custom is not viewed as being a kind of foster family care and adoption or as the groundwork for foster family care and adoption. This is due to the belief that this custom has the inherent risk of threatening the well-being of children. In this study, the possibility of retaining the custom of providing protective care of children is explored by investigating the concept of the "protection of foster and adoptive children" as envisioned during the latter half of Taisho era, when the child protection policy was introduced. The target of the "protection of foster and adoptive children" is the group of children who are exposed to the risk of abuse in the absence of the intervention by any special facility or related family. It also aims to effect improvements in the situations where children are victims of unsuitable surroundings or conflicting interests of the adopter. On the other hand, the "protection of foster and adoptive children" had the possibility of maintaining the legacy of providing protection to children in the form of foster care. However, this possibility was not realized and "protection of foster and adoptive children" was not institutionalized, either.

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Paradigm Change in the View of Orphan Education in Juji Ishii's Mind : Focusing on the Early 20s of Meiji

Hirofumi YAMAMOTO

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 108-121
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_108

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In July of 1887 Juji Ishii started to assist an orphanage after he met with indigent children at a place where he went to take charge of a locum tenens for a doctor. In January 1889, he burned his medical books and was devoted entirely to relieving orphans as his calling. It is no exaggeration to say that the focus of the relief was the practice of orphan education. Therefore, analyzing the concept of orphan education is essential to understand the idea of orphan education practice in his mind. This paper focuses on what sort of people he intended to develop from bringing orphans up through orphan education and, especially, discusses his daily records from 1887 to 1993 when change in his values about orphan education was observed.

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Assessment of the Training Program of Volunteers as Partners of Conversation and Communication for Senior Citizens

Yasuko HOSHINA

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 122-132
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_122

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This paper aims to measure the effectiveness of the volunteer training program carried out to support volunteer activities as partners of conversation and communication for senior citizens. The investigation was carried out in two comprehensive community support centers in Saitama prefecture. Changes concerning volunteer skills, knowledge, and consciousness among 51 trainees were analyzed before and after the program in 2006. With respect to skill investigation, the trainees were videotaped and their conversations and communication were evaluated and scored. In regard to knowledge and consciousness investigation, the trainees' answers to written tests and questionnaires were scored. The author used the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test for analyzing these scores. As a result, it was found that the trainees' attendance at the training program improved their volunteer skills and their motivation for the volunteer activities. It also reduced the uneasiness that they may have initially felt in relation to these activities. Finally, the volunteer training program helped the trainees acquire skills and knowledge that are necessary for volunteer activities and helped boost their morale.

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A Study on the Comprehensive Community Development in Neighborhoods of the United States : An Analysis of the Basic Features and Systems Involved in Progression in the Current State of the CCIs

Nobuko NISHINA

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 133-147
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_133

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This paper is intended to clarify the basic characteristics and systems involved in the evolution of comprehensive development in neighborhoods of the United States by analyzing both previous studies and practices. In the late 1980s, community development corporations extended their activities beyond housing in an effort to improve residents' standards of living in neighborhoods, e.g. Comprehensive Community Initiatives (CCIs). CCIs are a new kind of community intervention, which integrates physical development with social development. The most important aspect of CCIs is the mission of building capacity and growing overall community strength to break the poverty chain so that implemented practices exhibit evidence of the importance of education and increased capability for employment. Four primary factors exist which make Community Development Corporations capable of providing comprehensive development and services: (1) participation of diverse people and organizations, (2) the role of neighborhood intermediaries by CDCs, (3) broad cooperation of other organizations, (4) employment and human resource ability. These comprehensive approaches are created by the strong initiatives of intermediaries. It is also essential that the CDCs have a stable foundation for funding. The CDCs's capability of the project implementation influences the funding.

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The Features of Residential Social Worker's Tasks at a Short-Term Stay Service for the Elderly : Content Analysis Based on Available Clinical Information

Atsushi KUCHIMURA

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 148-160
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_148

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This study aims to clarify the features of residential social worker's tasks at a short-term stay service for the elderly. The object of this study was 16 kinds of clinical information of 167 users. The collection of data was conducted by selecting "the tasks that residential social worker participated in" from clinical information. The data were analyzed by Krippendorff's content analysis method. As the result of analysis, the data task contents were classified in 22 categories and five high rank categories, such as "tasks concerning the bed management", "tasks concerning indirect support to the care service", "mediation of service contents", "tasks concerning the new user", and "urgent and temporary tasks". This study found four features of residential social workers' tasks at a short-term stay service, as follows: (1) Tasks concerning the bed management were performed frequently, (2) Skills like cooperation, mediation and consultation were multi-used, (3) Tasks outside the use period were the majority, (4) Some residential care management skills were performed.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 161-163
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_161

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

Article type: Article
2010 Volume 50 Issue 4 Pages 164-167
Published: February 28, 2010
Released on J-STAGE: July 20, 2018

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.24469/jssw.50.4_164

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