Crop production and food systems are increasingly affected by global warming and climate change, which pose challenges to the growing demand for food. This study focused on the impacts of high temperatures during the grain-filling stage on Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum), a nutritious and functional crop with unique ripening habits. The amylose content, relative expression of the granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) gene, and various plant growth parameters were investigated under controlled growth chamber conditions. Three treatment groups with different air temperature regimes were established: low temperature (LT: 15/10 °C), moderate temperature (MT: 20/20 °C), and high temperature (HT: 30/25 °C). Results revealed that the HT treatment significantly decreased the amylose content of Tartary buckwheat seeds compared to the LT treatment. A qRT-PCR analysis indicated a decline in the relative expression level of the GBSSI gene in the HT treatment, particularly during the late filling stages. Pollen fertility also decreased with increasing temperatures, with the HT treatment exhibiting no fertile pollen at later stages. These findings highlight the negative impacts of high temperatures on Tartary buckwheat development, physiology, and reproduction. Understanding these effects is crucial for developing strategies to improve breeding programs and enhance food production in the face of climate change.

High pH is widely acknowledged as a major soil constraint that naturally occurs in arid and semi-arid regions such as Afghanistan, and it is largely attributed to the excess presence of calcium carbonate. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable produced in Kabul Province. However, this crop is mainly grown in soils with alkaline characteristics and low organic matter content. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of pH on plant growth, yield, and fruit quality. The study involved exposing tomato plants to three different pH levels (4.5, 6.5, and 8.5) using a hydroponic system under greenhouse conditions. The highest pH level was set based on a soil analysis conducted in Kabul city, which indicated that most of the province’s soils had a pH around or higher than 8.0. Results showed that high pH decreased tomato plant height, leaf, and root length; while it increased leaf chlorophyll content, leaf electrolyte leakage (EL), root respiration rate, and fruit sucrose content. It was concluded that high pH is a characteristic for most of soils in Kabul province and this parameter influenced the tomato plant growth and fruit quality traits.