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Volume 62 (2012)
- Issue 2 Pages 151-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
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Volume 62, Issue 2
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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Reviews
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Kazusato OHSHIMA2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 151-160
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Potyvirus is the largest genus of the largest family of plant RNA viruses, the Potyviridae. The potyviruses infect not only dicotyledonous but also monocotyledonous plants. The potyvirus phylogeny shows that the genus probably originated from a virus of monocotyledonous plants and that it first diverged approximately 7250 years ago in Southwest Eurasia or North Africa. Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) belongs to the genus Potyvirus and infects a wide range of plant species, most from the family Brassicaceae. TuMV is most studied a potyvirus species for molecular evolution and the genetic structure of populations. The use of computer programs for better understanding of the evolution and the genetic structures of populations of potyviruses and TuMV are illustrated.View full abstractDownload PDF (3905K) -
Takuya YAMAMOTO2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 161-166
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFollicular CD4 T helper (TFH) cells promote the survival, isotype switching and generation of high affinity memory B cells and plasma cells. There are numerous reports regarding the dysfunction of B cell mediated immune responses, the lack of memory CD4 T cells and the dysfunction of HIV specific CD4 T cells in SIV/HIV infection. During chronic SIV/HIV infection, TFH cell accumulation may drive B cell dysfunction and become a major HIV reservoir. In this review, we discuss the relationship between TFH cells and B cells in SIV/HIV infection.View full abstractDownload PDF (482K) -
Yoshinori FUKAZAWA2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 167-174
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSLive attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccines (LAVs) are currently the most effective vaccines in nonhuman primate models for AIDS, yet the basis of their robust protection remains poorly understood. Our recent immune correlate study revealed that degree of protection against pathogenic SIV challenge strongly correlated with the SIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in the lymph node but neither with the responses of such T cells in the peripheral blood and mucosal tissues nor with humoral immune responses. Interestingly, the maintenance of protective T cell responses in the lymph node was associated with the amount of persistent LAV replication in the lymph node, which localized almost exclusively in follicular helper T cells. The protected monkeys manifested greater magnitude of functional effector CD8+ T cells in the lymph node, suggesting that the induction and maintenance of antiviral effector memory T cells derived by persistent antigen production have a vital role in establishment of protection. This article reviews the mechanisms of the protection in monkeys vaccinated with LAV and their implication for development of successful AIDS vaccine.View full abstractDownload PDF (687K)
Special Issue:Negative Strand RNA Viruses
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Fumio SEKI, Makoto TAKEDA2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 175-182
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae contains many pathogens, which are important for medicine or veterinary medicine. Because each morbillivirus has restricted host range and serologically monotypic, the virus infection and transmission is effectively controlled by vaccinations and surveillance. Rinderpest virus has been eradicated in 2011, and elimination of measles virus progresses worldwide. Recently, a new cell receptor for measles virus, nectin4 was identified. Both SLAM, a molecule expressing on immune cells, and nectin4, a molecule expressing on epithelial cells, are important to infectivity and pathogenicity of the virus.View full abstractDownload PDF (7376K) -
Akira NISHIZONO, Kentaro YAMADA2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 183-196
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe family Rhabdoviridae has a non-segmented single stranded negative-sense RNA and its genome ranges in size from approximately 11 kb to almost 16 kb. It is one of the most ecologically diverse families of RNA viruses with members infecting a wide range of organisms. The five structural protein genes are arranged in the same linear order (3'-N-P-M-G-L-5') and may be interspersed with one more additional accessory gene. For many years, a full of knowledge of the rhabdoviridae has been established on extensive studies of two kinds of prototype viruses; vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV). Among them, the genus Lyssavirus includes RABV and rabies-related viruses naturally infect mammals and chiropteras via bite-exposure by rabid animals and finally cause fatal encephalitis. In this review, we describe the sketch of the various virological features of the Rhabdoviridae, especially focusing on VSV and RABV.View full abstractDownload PDF (1256K) -
Ayato TAKADA2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 197-208
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSFiloviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. No effective prophylaxis or treatment for filovirus diseases is yet commercially available. Recent studies have advanced our knowledge of filovirus protein functions and interaction between viral and host factors in the replication cycle. Current findings on the ecology of filoviruses (i.e., natural infection of nonprimate animals and discovery of a new member of filoviruses in Europe) have also provided new insights into the epidemiology of Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever. This article reviews the fundamental aspects of filovirus biology and the latest topics on filovirus research.View full abstractDownload PDF (4037K) -
Keizo TOMONAGA2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 209-218
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBornaviridae is an enveloped animal virus carrying an 8.9 kb non-segmented, negative-strand RNA genome. The genus bornavirus contains two members infecting vertebrates, Borna disease virus (BDV) and avian bornavirus (ABV), which could preferably infect the nervous systems. BDV causes classical Borna disease, a progressive meningoencephalomyelitis, in horses and sheep, and ABV is known to induce proventricular dilatation disease, a fatal disease characterized by a lymphocytic, plasmacytic inflammation of central and peripheral nervous tissues, in multiple avian species. Recent evidences have demonstrated that bornavirus is unique among RNA viruses as they not only establish a long-lasting, persistent infection in the nucleus, but also integrate their own DNA genome copy into the host chromosome. In this review, I outline the recent knowledge about the unique virological characteristics of bornaviruses, as well as the diseases caused by the infection of BDV and ABV.View full abstractDownload PDF (831K) -
Takeshi NODA2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 219-228
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe Orthomyxoviridae is a family of viruses that possess segmented, single-stranded, and negative-sense RNA genome. It contains influenza A virus, which is one of the most important pathogens to our public health. Here, I review general properties of Orthomyxoviruses with a focus on influenza viruses.View full abstractDownload PDF (3938K) -
Hideki TANI, Shuetsu FUKUSHI, Tomoki YOSHIKAWA, Masayuki SAIJO, Shiger ...2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 229-238
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSArenaviruses are the collective name for viruses, which belong to the family Arenaviridae. They replicate in the cytoplasm of cells, and were named after the sandy (Latin, arenosus) appearance of the ribosomes often seen in thin sections of virions under electron microscope. Several arenaviruses, such as Lassa virus in West Africa, and Junin, Guanarito, Sabia, Machupo, and Chapare viruses in South America, cause sever viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in humans and represent a serious public health problem. These viruses are categorized as category 1 pathogens thus should be handles in a BSL4 laboratory. Recently, Lujo virus was isolated as a newly discovered novel arenavirus associated with a VHF outbreak in southern Africa in 2008. Although, we have no VHF patients caused by arenaviruses in Japan, except for a single imported Lassa fever case in 1987, it is possible that VHF patients occur as imported cases as for other VHF in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the diagnostics and therapeutics in consideration of patient's severe symptoms and high mortality even in the disease-free countries. In this review, we will broadly discuss the current knowledge from the basic researches to diagnostics and vaccine developments for arenavirus diseases.View full abstractDownload PDF (537K) -
Kumiko YOSHIMATSU, Jiro ARIKAWA2012 Volume 62 Issue 2 Pages 239-250
Published: December 25, 2012
Released on J-STAGE: October 22, 2013
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe family Bunyaviridae consists of over 300 virus species and strains that are divided into 5 genera: orthobunyavirus, hantavirus, nairovirus, phlebovirus, and tospovirus. All members of family Bunyaviridae possess a negative-sense, single stranded tripartite RNA genome, consisting of large (L), medium (M) and small (S) segments, which encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, two envelope glyoproteins (Gn and Gc) and nucleocapsid (N) protein, respectively. Insects and arthropods serve as vectors of viruses in the Bunyaviridae, except for hantviruses, which instead are harbored by rodents. However, phylogenetically distinct soricomorph-associated hantaviruses have been discovered in widely separated geographical regions spanning four continents. This new finding strongly suggests that evolutionary record of hantaviruses is far more complex and ancient than originally expected. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease recently described in northeast and central China. The causative agent of SFTS is phylogenetically classified to genus phlebivirus, but unlike to other member in genus phlebovirus, SFTV transmit by ticks. This review provides a brief overview of hantavirus and hantavirus infection and describes about two newly appeared viruses in the family Bunyaviridae.View full abstractDownload PDF (1429K)
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