Uirusu
Online ISSN : 1884-3433
Print ISSN : 0042-6857
ISSN-L : 0042-6857
Volume 8, Issue 5
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • CHIAKI MATSUI
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 369-373
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The fine structure of intracellular localization of virus particles and some pathological changes within host cells were investigated by electron microscopic observations of ultrathin sections of tobacco young leaf showing slight symptoms of systemic infection with tobacco mosaic virus common strain fixed in buffered osmium tetroxide solution.
    The intracellular virus rod particles occurred usually in fibrous masses, and in these fibrous masses, the individual virus particles evidently associated with each other by end-to-end as well as side-to-side association.
    Two types of mass of virus particles were found in the diseased leaf. The masses associated with chloroplasts or cell walls were surrounded by membraneous organelles built up fine granules, while the masses immersed in cytoplasmic region were found without these organelles.
    The intracellular inclusion bodies, believed to be X-bodies, appeared as dense granular structures and contained vacuoles. Although, in the present observations, many virus rod particles were easily found within cytoplasm or on the surface of intracellular inclusion bodies, it was rather difficult to find them within the inclusion bodies. However, virus rod particles were sometimes observed within the intracellular inclusion body.
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  • KISUO KASSAI
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 374-380
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The auther examined whether R. tsutsugamushi (R.) might develop a drug resistance to Chlortetracycline (CTC) or not, using mouse as an experimental animal. R. was inoculated intraperitoneally to each mouse in groups which received various dosis of CTC by mouth. Then from those mice R. were isolated for the next generations. The following results were obtained.
    1. In third generations, R. developed no drug resistance to CTS in each groups of receiving 0.1mg for 3-4 days, 0.05mg for 3-4 days and of 0.05mg for 7 days.
    2. But in fifth generations, received 0.025mg for 7 days in each generation, it seemed to be developing some resistance to CTC.
    3. In 7th generations, in the group which received 0.05mg for 7 days, R. developed more resistance than in the group receiving 0.05mg for 4 days.
    4. The R. strain, which isolated from mice of 7th generations, received CTC 0.05mg for 7 days in each generation, revealed cross resistance to Tetracycline, but not to Chloramphenicol & Leukomycin.
    5. The CTC resistant strain was passed mice receiving no antibiotics through 12 generations, but the resistance was not weakened or not disappeared.
    6. In above mentioned experiments no change in rickettsia's virulence was noticed.
    7. Also in the experimental rickettsiosis in mice, the author has proved that the long-term administration of small amount of antibiotic was efficacious.
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  • TATSUO MATSUYAMA
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 381-384
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    At the beginning of March 1958, a small outbreak of influenza occurred in an almshouse in Gunma Prefecture, and Asia'flu viruses were isolated.
    In the course of this outbreak, 66 cases were found and 5 patients died, Most of the patients were over seventy years of age.
    All isolates, except one from the dead case, were in Q phase and not susceptible to non-specific inhibitors in human and guinea pig sera. Only the isolate from the dead case was in P phase.
    Antibody patterns in sera from the patients were determined with prototype strains, and significant rises in titer were found in almost all the sera with both Asia and Swine viruses. On the other hand, no antibody response was observed with strains of FMI and PR8 sets.
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  • COMPARATIVE OBSERVATIONS ON THE UNHEALTHY METABOLISMS IN SATSUMA ORANGE AND PLANT HOPPER AFFECTED WITH THE DWARF DISEASE VIRUS OF CITRUS UNSHU
    HIROMU YOSHII, AKIRA KISO
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 385-393
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    When the green broad-winged plant hopper, insect vector of the dwarf disease of Satsuma orange, is viruliferous, it shows unsound metabolisms as reported in the previous paper of the studies. The metabolisms are looked to be resulted from the disturbed metabolism of the host plant affected with the dwarf disease virus. This report deals with the observations on the interaction between the insect vector and the host plant.
    (1) In the citrus plant, cytochrome oxidase is one of the terminal oxidases and its activity is considerably weakened when the plant is infected to the disease. In the insect, however, the activity of the terminal oxidase, cytochrome oxidase, is not effected by its acquisition feeding on host plant.
    (2) Some organic acids belonging to the members of tricarboxylic acid cycle, viz. pyruvic acid, succinic acid and citric acid, are remarkably less in the diseased plant than in the healthy plant. Accordingly, the respiration of the viruliferous insects fed on the diseased host becomes poorer owing to the deficiency of the respiration substrates.
    (3) In the citrus plant, the maximum of absorption in the wave length of ultraviolet light is found on 263mμ in ribonucleic acid (RNA) and on 266mμ in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). And their quantities are not differentiated, but their amounts are increased when they are diseased. In the insect, the RNA shows the maximum of absorption in 265mμ of ultraviolet light and the DNA has it in 275mμ. It is appeared that their quantities are not influenced by the virus protein.
    (4) The observations are carried out on both the electrophoretic run of nucleo-protein and the ultra-violet absorption spectrum of electrophoretic patterns of the protein. Their results represent that the two fractions in citrus (I and III in Fig. 5 and 6) and three fractions in insect (I, II and III in Fig. 7 and 8) are nucleo-protein. The 4th fraction in plant and insect protein (IV in Fig. 6 and 8) is found as nucleic acid without protein, and its amount decreases in the diseased plant but increases in the viruliferous insect.
    From the results above mentioned, it may be thought that the unhealthy metabolisms of the viruliferous insect are owing to the deficiency of the respiration substrates and are resulted from the decreases of the nucleo-proteins in the host plant.
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  • ON THE UNSOUND METABOLISM IN RICE PLANT AFFECTED WITH THE DWARF DISEASE VIRUS (ORYZA VIRUS 1.)
    HIROMU YOSHII
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 394-405
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This report deals with a part of the results obtained in the observations on the metabolisms in rice plant affected with the dwarf disease virus (Oryza virus 1).
    (1) Oxigen consumption (Qo2) and respiratory quotient (RQ) of the diseased rice plant are larger than those of the healthy. It appears that the respiration of rice plant becomes vigorous as it infects to the disease examined (Table 1).
    (2) Rice plant has ascorbic acid oxidase as one of the terminal oxidases. The oxidase activity is not effected by the dwarf disease virus (Table 2-6).
    (3) The value of the oxidative phosphorylation (P-O ratio) is larger in the diseased plant than in the healthy plant (Table 7).
    (4) The phosphatase activity of the rice plant is stronger considerably in the diseased plant than in the healthy (Table 8).
    (5) The amount of inorganic phosphorous compound becomes remarkably smaller, but the contents of organic and nucleic acid phosphorous compounds are considerably larger, in the diseased plant than in the healthy plant (Table 9). And the total phosphorous in the diseased plant is slightly larger than in the healthy plant.
    (6) As far as the results are concerned, the nucleo-proteins and nucleic acids (RNA. DNA) in rice plant seem not to be influenced upon their qualities and quantities by the dwarf disease virus (Fig. 1, 2 and 3).
    From the results observed, it may be concluded that the respiration and phosphorous metabolisms of rice plant become rather vigorous when it is affected with the dwarf disease virus.
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  • INFLUENCE OF IMMUNE SERUM UPON CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT OF VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE
    MITSUO HENMI
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 406-420
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to elucidate host-virus-relationship, especially cytopathogenicity of viruses in tissue culture by using embryonic skinmuscle tissue, comparative studies on the cytopathogenic effects of western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE), eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE), Venezuelan (equine encephalomyelitis (VEE), Columbia SK (Col. SKO, Mengo encephalitis (Mengo) and both pantropic and neurotropic Rift Valley fever (PRY and NRV respectively) viruses were undertaken by means of morphological check on Giemsa's stained preparates under microscope and titration of virus in culture fluid in mice daily after their inoculation into the 6-7 day tissue culture of human-, pig-, ox-, mouse- and chickembryos. On the other hand the effect of each immune rabbit serum was investigated upon the cytopathogenicity of the homologous virus. The results obtained were briefly summarized as follows:
    1) The marked cytopathogenic effect of WEE, EEE and VEE viruses were observed on fibroblasts of human-, pig-, ox-, mouse- and chickembryos, and Col. SK, Mengo viruses and both PRV and NRV viruses gave the same findings as the viruses mentioned above except on chick embryo tissue culture.
    The cytopathogenic effect was found to be caused by the virus growth in tissue culture because of exsistence of parallelism between the titer of virus and the grade of cytopathogenicity which had been inhibited by the homologous immune rabbit serum.
    2) The viruses mentioned above might be classified on the morphological changes of the fibroblast at the early stage of tissue culture, into 3 groups, that is, equine encephalomyelitis group, Col. SK-Mengo group and RV groups. In equine encephalomyelitis group, the round, deep stained and pyknotic nucleus was found more often in the normaly stained protoplasma infected with VEE than with both WEE and EEE, and in the Col. SK-Mengo group, the elongated and deep staine pyknotic nucleus was recognized in infected cells while the characteristic karyorrhexis was found in cells infected with RV group.
    3) In spite of the growth of virus no cytopathogenic effect was confirmed in tissue culture infected with yellow fever 17D and Russian spring summer encephalitis viruses under our tissue culture conditions.
    4) The immune rabbit serum was added to the infected tissue culture within 1 to 8 hours after inoculation with heavy dosis. No cytopathogenic effect was observed but it did occur after replacement of culture media without antiserum 4 days thereafter. That means, the high potent immune serum could not completely inhibit the cytopathogenicity of the virus 8 hours after inoculation with the virus into tissue culture. Furthermore, it was confirmed that cytopathogenic effect could no more be inhibited by adding the immune serum into the infected tissue culture 8 hours or later after inoculation of the virus.
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  • KOZO SUZUKI
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 421-428
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    An outbreak of poliomyelitis epidemic was encountered among the children under 14 years old at the limited areas in Ehime prefecture during the period from April to July, 1956. The isolation and identification of the causative agent were undertaken from the stools collected from 55 out of 73 cases all together with non-paralytic and paralytic cases by means of the tissue culture using monkey- and HeLa cells. It is the first report of polio epidemic in Japan which was proven to be caused by the type I poliovirus only.
    Nine strains were isolated from 9 out of 15 paralytic polio cases and 11 from 11 out of 40 non-paralytic cases and they were identified as type I poliovirus. The invasion of the virus there was so marked that 5 out of 7 children under 17 years old suffered from the disease in one family and all 2 children under 7 years old got the disease in another family.
    In view of the preventive medicine it is of importance to note that the virus was recovered from 6 out of 14 cases on first to 10th day, from 3 out of 10 cases on 11th to 20th day, from 2 out of 6 cases on 21st to 30th day and from 6 out of 6 cases on 31st to 40th day after onset of the disease respectively. As for the amount of the virus in the stool from the patient, 10TCID50 were calculated in 10 cases, 100TCID50 in 5 cases and 1000TCID50 in one case on the 10th day of illness and no relationship was observed between the amount of virus in the stool and the day of illness.
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  • YOH TANAMI, YOSHIHIRO MIYAJIMA, TSUNERO TAKAHEI
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 429-433
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present paper describes some general properties of a multi-lysogenic Pseudomonas pyocyanea, strain T (L, m, tu), which carries three different types of prophage. The three phages produced from the strain can be distinguished from each other by plaque morphology, host-ranges, and by serological neutralization. They are all noninducible by ultraviolet light irradiation. The production of each phage type during the bacterial growth is considered to be independent each other, since no correlation has been observed among phage production of these phages. Burst frequency, measured by the probability for one bacterium to burst per generation time, was estimated to be about 1:50, 000 for phages L and m, about 1:100, 000-1:1, 000, 000 for tu phage. Burst sizes in spontaneous phage production of these phages were between 1 and 20.
    From the viewpoint of serological neutralization, phages L and m are related, but phage tu is not related to the others.
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  • MICHIHIRO WAKEKI
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 434-449
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    It is widely known that the Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) modifies some species of the avian and mammalian red blood cells and produces some several new antigenicities on the red blood cells (r. b. c.).
    On the other hand, several cases of hemolytic anemia caused by NDV had been reported by Moolten et al., Negative results were, however, described by Morgan, Wright et al., who attempted to isolate the same virus from the patients of acquired hemolytic anemia.
    It may be interesting to examine following problems; 1, Is the modification of red blood cells caused in vivo by a viremia of NDV? 2, From an immunological or hematological standpoint, what responses will follow if the modification of r. b. c. with NDV is exhibited in vivo? For the purpose of studying these, a number of guinea pigs were injected with purified NDV intracardially.
    The viremia was continued for about 50 hours when NDV was injected intracardially. The r. b. c. of the guinea pigs in which the viremia was continued were highly phagocytized by tissue-cultured spleen macrophages, e.g., the phagocytic indexes 3 hours after the injection of NDV were 42 and 51, then those decreased and came to the normal range after 58 to 88 hours. This fact indicates that the modification of the r. b. c. by the viruses may be exhibited in vivo during the viremia. NDV-hemagglutination inhibition antibodies were markedly produced and kept in high titer even 60 days after; however, the NDV-modified cell agglutinins which were also markedly produced had decreased more rapidly and came to the normal range at that time.
    Positive antiglobulin tests were obtained from 7 guinea pigs out of 18 into which were injected NDV. Also positive results were obtained from 6 out of 16 in the trypsin tset at 37C. The 2 tests became negative 19 or 23 days after the last injections. Cold trypsin test were performed on 10 guinea pigs of which 6 showed the positive agglutinations. Those agglutinations continued for 23 days. False positive trypsin tests as seen in the human sera were not seen in the 20 normal and 4 guinea pigs immunized with rabbit serum. Those sera did not contain the cold hemagglutinins. So, it may be evident that the positive trypsin tests have a pathological means.
    The r. b. c. of the guinea pigs from which the positive antiglobulin tests were obtained were moderately phagocytized by the spleen macrophages. This fact suggests that the antibodies detected through the antiglobulin test may have an opsonized capacity as the autoantibody in the sera of the patients suffering from acquired hemolytic anemia.
    The moderate anemia was seen temporarily at the stage of the viremia in the 3 guinea pigs out of 4 and in a slight degree in one of the 4 guinea pigs at the stage at which the positive antiglobulin tests were obtained.
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  • YOH TANAMI
    1958 Volume 8 Issue 5 Pages 450-451
    Published: October 20, 1958
    Released on J-STAGE: March 16, 2010
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A rapid method to take a photograph of phage-plaques formed on an agar plate by using an enlarger was described. A piece of the “layer agar” on which plaques had been developed was stripped from the “basal agar”, and fixed on a piece of glass. This was enlarged and printed directly on a photographic paper by an enlarger. Conditions required for obtaining clear, beautiful photograph were discusesd.
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