Salmonella newington was cultured with 0-(3)_a. (15)_a antiserum which was absorbed with the living cells of S. thomasville, and S. newington [E₃ (X)], having the antigenic structure of subgroup, was isolated, frozen, thawed and filtered. The directed variation of Salmonella subgroups E₁ and E₂ was attempted using the fitrate, and antigen transformations from 0-3.15 into 0-(3). (15). 34 were observed. These transformations were always paralleled with the lytic ability of the phage. By pure culture and absorption test of the frozen-thawed filtrate with S. anatum, two kinds of phage were confirmed, each having different ability-one transforms 0-3.10 into 0-3.15 and the other 0-(3). (15) into 0-(3). (15), 34.
The two phages were isolated and purified to investigate the relation between phage activity and antigen transforming ability, find it was found that the lytio ability and the antigen transforming ability is inseparable, and that the latter is not affected by the enzymic action of desoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, trypsin, etc.
The phage related to the antigen transformation 0-3.10→0-3.15 is designated ε15, and that related to 0-3.15→0-(3). (15). 34, ε34. Both of them are spherical particles ranging 26-40mμ. in size. ε15 is identical in properties with ε which was previously reported, but ε34 is completely different from it both biochemically and serologically. ε34 is maintained actively for 20 minute at 80°C, but becomes inactive at 80°C 30 minutes and at 85°C in 1.5 minutes. It is active at pH 2.4-12.0 but inactivated below pH 2.2 and above pH 12.5. Its host range is limited to subgroup E₂ strains and it can not even be adsorbed by subgroups E₁ and E₄ strains.
The two antigen transforming abilities are inhibited by the respective anti-phage serum together with lystic ability but not affected by the antiserum against different phage.
ε34 well transformed strains containing 0-15 into subgroup E₃ strains, but could not directly transform subgroups E₁ and E₄ strains samely as they could not adsorb them. However, when they were infected with ε15 and had 0-15 antigen formed, ε34 can transform them into E₃ by infecting them. An transformed variant of S. senftenberg has a double antigenic structure 0-1. (3). (15). (19). 34. It is a very rare strain which has not yet been discovered in nature.
The rate of antigen transformation 0-3.15→0-(3). (15). 34 was investigated with S. newington S^r and it was found to be ranging 2.6-10.3%.
Strains having antigenic structure of subgroup E₃ adsorb ε34, but lysis does not take place. Examination for lysogenic phage revealed that 6 out of 12 tested strains had bath ε15 and ε34, 5 had only ε15, and 1 had neither.
A variant of S. newington S^r, having antigenic structure of subgroup E₃, was confirmed to be doubly lysogenic bacteria by the quantitative investigation of its lysogenicity

抄録全体を表示

Antigen transformation of strains which have antigenic structure of subgroup E₃ was performed with 0-15 and 0-34 antisera. The 0-15 antiserum transformed 0-(3). (15). 34 into 0-3.10, and the 0-34 antiserum transformed 0-(3), (15). 34 into 0-3.15. It was further found that when these variants were infected with the respective phage (ε15 or ε34) they were lysogenized and the original antigenic structures were restored.
Considering the results in reports 1 and 2, the antigen transformation by two kinds of phage from 0-3.10 into 0-3.15 and from 0-3.15 into 0-(3). (15). 34 can not be explained by spontaneous mutation selection. And further, comparative investigation of various phenomena respectively indicated by the names of transformation, recombination and transduction, leads us to consider that antigen transforming factor is the bacteriophage itself.
Though ε15 and ε34 are unrelated either biochemically or serologically, they are dependent each other as the antigen transforming factor. Namely, ε34 can transform antigenic structure of subgroup E₂ into that of subgroup E₃, and those of E₁ and E₄ into that of E₃, not directly but twostops-wise by the intermediation of ε15.
Strains having the antigenic structure of subgroup E₃ is doubly lysogenic bacterium, and the prophages of ε15 and ε34 which are contained in the cell seem to govern the production of antigen 0-15 and 0-34, respectively.

抄録全体を表示

Electron microscopic study was conducted on the ultrathin sections of the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membranes harvested at 5 and 6 days after inoculation of pigeonpox virus. The results obtained are summarized as follows;
1) Cytopathologic findings in the infected ectodermal cells indicated. various transitional features of the ectodermal layer proliferated from the outer portion toward the inner in a certain relationship with the development of intracellular viral particles or inclusions (Figs. 2 and 3).
2) In the cytoplasm of the infected ectodermal cells, two different structures were observed in the sites which were identical with those where inclusions were recognized under light microscope. One of those structures was composed of osmiophilic coarse masses of high electron-density, many viral particles and fine granular material or cloudy substance (mature inclusion), and observed mostly in the cytoplasm at advanced stages of infection (Figs. 3, 4 and 5). The other consisted of many viral particles and fine granular material or cloudy substance (immature inclusion), and recognizable mostly in the cytoplasm at early stages of infection (Figs. 7 and 8). There were various transitional forms between these two structures with regard to the shape of the viral particles and quantitative relationship of the osmiophilic coarse mass. Some cells contained the both structures in a single cytoplasm.
3) The viral particle was formed in the inclusion in close relationship with fine granular material or cloudy substance, while the osmiophilic coarse mass, which was chiefly composed of fatty substance, was considered to appear rather secondarily during the formation of the viral particle.
4) The viral particles were classified into those with incomplete membranes, those filled with homogeneous material of low electron-density within a limiting membrane, those containing a nucleus-like internal body of varying size and electron-density, circles with thick walls of high electron-density, and those particles of equally high electron-density. They were round or elliptic in shape and 251 by 299 mμ on an average in size.
5) Viral particles of various forms aggregated in inclusions. There was a general tendency that an immature inclusion contained particles with incomplete membranes or those with “empty circles” or a nucleus-like internal structure (Figs. 7, 8 and 9) and that a mature inclusion included smaller particles of high electron-density with a homogeneous appearance (Fig. 4). Only the latter was observed in she superficial portion of the cytoplasm and intercellular space. It should be noted, however, that those particles with “empty circles” or a nucleus-like internal structure sometimes were contained even in the superficial portion of the ectodermal layer showing advanced degenerative changes (Fig. 11).

抄録全体を表示

The author examined various methods which have been used to purify the R. tsutsugamushi harvested from the yolk sacs of infected chick embryos, employing Cox-Craigie's method. Following conclusions were obtained.
1. Various kinds of diluents of rickettsial suspensions gave the important influences upon the result of purification. As to one molar solutions of monosaccharides and disaccharides, one could scarcely find any differences among them, but as to their 0.25 molar solutions, disaccharides were by far superior to monosaccharides. Good results could not be obtained with both polysaccharides and polyalcohols.
2. Optimum concentraions were pursued with the solutions of sucrose and glucose. In sucrose solutions, concentrations between 30% and 7.5% were useful and the 30% solution gave the most stable results. In glucose solutions, the concentration above 15% only gave good results.
3. Ether treatment of rickettsial suspensions were investigated in detail. When the hypertonic sugar solutions were employed for the diluents, the mixture of 9 volumes of ethyl ether and one volume of methanol had the accelerating effects upon the segregation between water layer and ether layer of rickettsial suspensions. While the suspensions were treated with ether, the degree of destruction of rickettsial body was various according to the kinds of diluents. There was complete inhibition of destruction in the case of the 30% sucrose solution, but in the case of the saline rickettsial body was remarkably destroyed. The 30% sucrose solution was endurable to either one month long treatment or the repeated treatment with ether.
4. Sharples' ultracentrifuge can be applicable to concentrate a large amount of rickettsial suspensions.
5. Morphological observations were made optic as well as electronic microscopically upon the rickettsiae, which were purified from the suspensions diluted with the 30% sucrose solution and treated with the ether-methanol mixture.
When these purified rickettsiae, resuspended in the 30% sucrose solution or in the saline, were preserved at 5°C, they retained well their forms for a long time.
6. The suspension of purified rickettsiae had antigenicity.

抄録全体を表示

It is the well established fact that after the recovery from the typical course of the Tsutsugamushi disease the patients acquire the solid immunity against it which was proved to last at least a decade or thereover. However, in regard to the aspects of the immunity development in the cases in which the disease was suppressed by antibiotics as soon as the specific symptoms became manifest, there remains much to be made clear. The author, in order to make this aspects clear, made some trials on human beings. Namely, ten patients of nerve syphilis, who had to receive the fever treatment, were induced to the disease by intradermal inoculation of the virus of the Tsutsugamushi disease, Pescadores strain, and were suppressed completely in the early stage of it by the antibiotics administration instituted immediately after the onset of the specific fever which subsided after the duration of only two or three days. Two years after this incomplete course of the disease, all the patients to he tested were challenged with the virus in various dosis, which induced the typical disease in the patients of the control group. The challenged patients, who had experienced the incomplete course of the disease two years ago, showed no sign of the disease at all. Namely, even in those who had experienced only the very short duration of the fever of the incomplete disease suppressed by the antibiotics, the solid immunity could develop and last at least for two years. After this incomplete disease. the rise of the OXK agglutinin titer could hardly be observed in the patients, but for all that the solid immunity could certainly be acquired by them. The intensity of the specific skin reaction of the inoculated, site seems to run parallel to the dosis of the inoculated virus. It is worth to note, however, that sometimes the typical disease can be induced in them without development of the skin reaction at all.

抄録全体を表示

Activities of tributyrinase and butyric acid oxydase of the mouse brains infected with Japanese B encephalitis, neurotropic influenza (NWS) and LCM viruses were tested, during the course of the viral infection, and compared each other.
1) The virus contents of mouse brains infected with Japanese B encephalitis virus increased gradually after infection, and the maximum titer was reached by 3 days. Tributyrinase activity of these infected mouse brains also increased, and the maximum titer was reached by 4 days and greater than the titer of the control groups by 25%.
After the maximum titers were reached, the virus contents and tributyrinase activity decreased gradually.
2) In the case of neurotropic influenza virus infection, the virus contents and the tributy rinase activity also increased during the viral infection, and the maximum titers of the former and the latter were reached by 2 and 3 days respectively.
The tributyrinase activity of the infected brains was greater than that of the control groups by 10%.
3) In the case of LCM infection, the tributyrinase activity did not increase and seemed to show the tendency of gradual decreasing after infection.
4) The butyric acid oxydase activity of the mouse brains fell rapidly after infection with japanese B encephalitis virus, and scarcely any activity was observed on the fourth day.
5) The butyric acid oxydase also fell in the case of neurotropic influenza virus infection, but the rate of the reduction was about 50% on the 4th day.
6) Though the redaction of butyric acid oxydase activity was also observed in the case of LCM virus infection, the rate of reduction was greater than that of influenza virus infection and was less than that of Japanese B encephalitis virus infection.
7) As the result, there is the high possibility that the butyric acid, intermediate of fat metabolism. is accumulated in the mouse brains infected with Japanese B encephalitis virus; but the possibility of accumulation of butyric acid is low in the case of infection with influenza virus and LCM virus.
8) The activity of tributyrinase and butyric acid oxydase of the mouse brains inoculated with these viruses, which are inactivated, showed no difference from that of the normal mouse brains.

抄録全体を表示

超薄切片法により, タバコ・モザイク・ウイルスに感染したタバコ植物葉を観察の結果次の組織学的, 細胞学的所見を得た.
1. 健全タバコ葉組織の葉緑体は, 間質の中にグラナが整然と配列している.
2. ウイルス感染植物葉の葉緑体においては, グラナの配列が乱れ顆粒化が見られる.
3. ウイルス粒子は, しばしば葉緑体と密接に結合して見られるが, 葉緑体と結合しないウイルス粒子も亦存在する.
4. ウイルス感染組織の葉緑体内にウイルス粒子を発見することは困難である.
5. ウイルス粒子は表皮組織及毛茸中にも見られる.
6. ウイルス増殖の様式について若干の考察を行つた.

抄録全体を表示