The genetic diversity of Stenopsyche marmorata was investigated in three spatial hierarchies, among catchments, among reaches within catchments, and among individuals within reaches, by AFLP analysis of 306 individuals in 12 reaches in 3 catchments in Eastern Japan. The analysis of molecular variance revealed that the diversity within reaches accounted for the highest percentage (86%) of the total genetic variation in the three hierarchies. The genetic diversity between reaches increased with geographical distance between reaches on a small spatial scale (=2-74km); however, it did not increase on a large spatial scale (=74-450km). The level of gene flow among adjacent catchments (=55-74km) was lower than that between reaches within catchments (=2-19km). The genetic diversity within reaches (as the percentage of polymorphic loci and expected heterozygosity) positively correlated with altitude, suggesting that altitude is an environmental factor in determining the local population size of S. marmorata in each reach.

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Analytical methods have been developed that allow for the determination of 16 synthetic fragrance materials (SFMs) and 9 organic UV filters in wastewater treatment plant influent, influent solid, effluent, activated sludge, surface water, and sediment in rivers. The procedures mainly consist of solid phase extraction using two types of solid phase extraction cartridges followed by GC/MS in the SIM mode. Ultrasonic solvent extraction using dichloromethane/acetone was also performed for solid samples. SFMs and organic UV filters concentrations were determined for wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent samples collected at 47 plants and were also analyzed for 43 surface water samples and sediment samples in the Tone, Ara, Tama, and Turumi river. Twenty-three materials other than 3-(4'-methyl-benzylidene) bornan-2-one (4-MBC) and 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3,5-dimethy1-2,4,6- trinitrobenzene (musk xylene, MX) were detected in wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent. Twelve materials including organic UV filters were detected in all the influent samples. Three fragrance materials and two organic UV filters were detected in all the river samples. One fragrance material and two organic UV filters were also detected in all sediment samples.
This is the first detailed report on fragrance materials and organic UV filters, in particular homosalate and octyl dimethyl p-amino benzoic acid, in wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent, surface water and sediment in rivers.

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In recent years, the nitrate nitrogen pollution in lakes, rivers and underground water has become a serious issue. A new purification method for nitrate nitrogen is required, because no efficient means of purification has been established yet. Carbonization processing is one of the techniques of effectively using wood biomass. The obtained charcoal is widely used for a variety of purposes such as water purification and humidity control, and as a soil conditioner. However, the charcoal obtained by mere carbonization is expected to have limited uses. Thus, we have studied charcoal with the ability to absorb nitrate nitrogen. In this paper, we examined charcoal produced by soaking wood chips in CaCl₂ aq. solution, followed by carbonization and acid treatment with HCl. It was found that the obtained charcoal had the ability to absorb nitrate nitrogen and fluoride anion but not sulfate and phosphate anions. The adsorption ability could be recovered again by soaking in KCl aq. solution. As a result, it is expected that the charcoal obtained by this method can contribute to the purification of water polluted with nitrate nitrogen and to the effective use of wood biomass.

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The stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) in sediment and water quality were monitored in the Koyoshi River watershed in Akita, Japan and used in describing the change in water quality and nitrogen balance in the watershed. Although the degree of organic pollution had worsened downstream (DOC: 2.0 mgC · l^-1 to 2.8 mgC · l^-1; NO₃^--N: 0.22 mg · l^-1 to 0.31 mg · l^-1), the values of δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C downstream (1.5 ‰ and -26.3 ‰, respectively) were lower than those in the upper river basin (3.2 ‰ and -24.0 ‰, respectively). It was deduced that there have been nitrogen loading in the upper river basin and that humic substances have contributed to the decrease in the isotope ratios in the middle basin. The seasonal variation in δ¹⁵N in sediment indicates the influence of fertilizer applied in rice fields. The amount of nitrogen removal from water was estimated by isotope fractionation analysis with ammonium concentration and δ¹⁵N in sediment, and found to be reasonable considering the estimated amount of fertilizer normally applied in rice fields.

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