JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL
Online ISSN : 1881-1000
Print ISSN : 0022-815X
ISSN-L : 0022-815X
Volume 27, Issue 11
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
  • Itsuki Nishi
    1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 513
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Einosuke Oharu
    1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 514-516
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Yasuo Yamauchi, Yoshiaki Shimizu
    1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 517-524
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) have been manufactured since 1950 in Japan. Now, they are used very widely in the fields of paper, textile, and detergent industries.
    Discussions were given to the results of medical surveys and studies on the safety of the FWAs derived particularly from diaminostilbene disulphonate.The FWAs can be considered to be safe both in chronic and acute toxicities.
    Further, possibility of the FWAs' contamination to human skin or table-wares from papers and textiles was examined.The results showed that the degrees of contamination were very small or negligible.
    As a conclusion, the FWAs are practically nontoxic even if they are taken into human bodies, though they can not migrate to human skin from papers or textiles containing the FWAs.
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  • Kazuo Terazaki, Kenji Matsuura, Masashi Okada
    1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 525-529
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The steady state experiments for the effective thermal conductivity of papers were carried out at and below atmospheric pressure.
    The thermal conductivity of porous materials below 0.05mmHg is considered to be the value of the materials.
    Results obtained were as follows.
    (1) 10% of the effective thermal conductivity depends on papers. and 90% the content of air.
    (2) The relation ship between the thermal conductivity and density of papers is not decisive below atmospheric pressure.
    (3) The effective thermal conductivity at atmospheric pressure and density show the same gradient of linear relation ship as Mr.Wakasugi's Experimental Formular, but the value is about 13% higher than measured values. (λ20=0.035+0.00015P)
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  • Effects of Chromophoric Groups on the Color of Various Lignins
    Kenji Iiyama, Junzo Nakano
    1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 530-542
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The effects of alcoholic hydroxyl group, phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxyl group and carbonyl group on the color of softwood thiolignin were discussed in the previous paper.The objects of this paper are to discuss the effects of quinoid structure on the lignin color in addition to the above functional groups, and further the color difference among thiolignin, Iignosulfonate and Björkman lignin.
    The results are summarized as follows :
    (1) The electronic absorption spectra of softwood thoiolignin and lignosulfonate have the clear-cut peaks around 6, 000cm-1 (1, 667mμ).This peak seems to be the first overtone of the hydroxyl stretching vibration.
    (2) The Δεi and Δεr spectra of lignin reduced with sodium hydrosulfite are similar to those of original lignin. Quinoid structure is reduced with sodium hydrosulfite, but carbonyl group is not. The brightening of lignin with sodium hydrosulfite is due to the reduction of quinoid structures.
    (3) When the o-quinone structure in lignin is formed by the Fremy's salt oxidation, a shoulder is observed around 475 mμ and the color of lignin becomes dark. The difference spectrum between original and oxidized lignins has a clear-cut peak, at 475 mμ. This shows that the electronic absorption spectrum of o-quinone structure formed in lignin has a peak at 475mμ.
    (4) The amounts of o-quinone structure in softwood thiolignin, hardwood thiolignin, softwood lignosulfonate and softwood Björkman lignin are estimated to be 0.030.04, 0.0450.06, 0.010.013 and 0.00150.002 per C6-C3, respectively. These values are in excellent agreement with the results which were estimated by the spectrum analysis.
    (5) Softwood and hardwood thiolignins, softwood and hardwood lignosulfonates and softwood Bjorkman lignin in the visible region decrease the molar extinction coefficients by 45, 55, 78, 80 and 100% with sodium borohydride, respectively, and by 40, 47, 72, 75 and 100% with sodium hydrosulfite, respectively.These results show that most of the color of softwood Bjorkman lignin is due to the quinoid structure.
    (6) By the diazomethane methylation of lignin, the molar extinction coefficient decreases in the visible region, and a peak around 280mμ is shifted to the shorter wavelength. In order to explain this result, the secular equations were set up for the simple lignin model compounds, guaiacol and veretrol, on the basis of molecular orbital theory (Hückel MO), and then the eigen values were calculated.In has become apparent that the electronic transition of methylated lignin is in a state of higher excite energy than that of original lignin.This explains the brightening by the methylation of lignin.
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  • Pilot Plant Tests for Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption of Kraft Pulp Mill Wastewater
    Hiroshi Kabeya, Toshiro Fujii, Yutaka Kimura
    1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 543-553
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Lime-treated water of unbleached kraft pulp wash wastewater (lignin concentration 1226ppm, COD 2544ppm) and pretreated water of bleached kraft pulp caustic soda extract wastewater (lignin concentration 33120 ppm) treated by activated sludge, followed by lime were offered the pilot plant tests for adsorption on granular activated carbon and the possibility of renovation of these treated waters was investigated.
    Adsorption isotherms of several wastewater samples including treated waters were simultaneously determined and the relationship between adsorption isotherm and the carbon usage obtained from plant tests was developed.
    At a superficial velocity of 1.7m/hr and contact time of 140 min., the carbon usages of lime-treated water were 3, 530l/kg·air-dried carbon on the basis of lignin breakthrough curve and 3, 090l/kg·air-dried carbon on the basis of COD breakthrough curve.In order to examine the effect of lime treatment for wash wastewater, dilute water of wash wastewater equal to lignin concentration of lime-treated water was prepared and offered the pilot plant test in the same condition as lime-treated water.The carbon usages on the basis of lignin and COD were 310 and 3, 670l/kg·air-dried carbon respectively.
    From these results, it is apparent that the adsorption of lignin on activated carbon by lime treatment increases but the adsorption of COD hardly increases.These results are consistent with the results obtained from adsorption isotherms of lime-treated water and dilute water.
    Similarly, the carbon usage of pretreated water of caustic soda extract wastewater was 130l/kg·air-dried carbon on the basis of lignin breakthrough curve. This small carbon usage mainly may be ascribed to high lignin concentration of influent because at the same initial lignin concentration adsorption capacity of pretreated water of caustic soda extract wastewater is rather larger than lime-treated water of wash wastewater.
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  • Hideo Sakamoto, Sadao Kuzuno
    1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages 554-562
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages Preface1-Preface2
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages Preface3
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • 1973 Volume 27 Issue 11 Pages Preface20-Preface23
    Published: November 01, 1973
    Released on J-STAGE: November 10, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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