In Future Technology Symposium for Pulp and Paper Industry held in the 31 at Japan Wood Research Society in 1981, an opinion with regard to pulping of non-woody fibers was advanced that reconsideration on researches of high yield pulping, e. g., TMP process modified for nonwoods, should be given because of high energy consumption and that investigation on chemical pulping should be strengthened. But the author proposed quite a contrary view that mechanical pulping is required to be more intensively investigated. The reasons pointed out were as follows : (a) industrialization of pulping of non-woody fibers is mainly needed in developing countries where lack in infrastructure of chemical industries, (b) limitted production of non-woody fibers allows construction of only small scale pulping mills unsuitable to chemical pulping processes, (c) energy consumption in mechanical pulping of non-woody fibers is expected to be less than that reported on woods, (d) easy treatment of effluent without requiring closed system, and (e) histrical trend of research works on non-woody fibers.

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It should be kept in mind of those who engage in pulp and paper industry, why Mr. I. Nishi, President of Japan TAPPI, intended to write technical history of Japanese pulp and paper industry and how had late Mr. K. Narita, the originator of Paper Museum, devoted himself to collect a number of pulp and paper industrial monuments.
Mr. T. Noguchi, Manager of Paper Museum, has been appointed to organize and manage a survey group for pulp and paper industrial monument, by the preservation and investigation subcommittee of Japan Industrial Archeology Society. In order to accomplish this work successfully, he has a policy that concurrence and cooperation for the survey should be established throughout the industry. And for the above purpose, unfamiliar terminology of “industrial monument” must be defined to be more visible and easy to be understood. Preliminary preparation of a model list of pulp and paper industrial monument has also started in Paper Museum.
The author illustrates a tentative classification system of pulp and paper industrial monuments, showing tangible examples selected from the collection of Paper Museum. He also presents some other problems which are to be discussed and solved in early stage, prior to the nation-wide survey will be started in the in the industry.

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昭和56年の日加技術交流は10月19日より22日までの抄紙に関する技術会議と会議後海外からの参加者のみによる一週間の工場見学ツアーが行われた。日加交流は昭和51年に東京で第1回の会議を開催してから今回は第5回の催しである。過去4回の交流は毎年日本とカナダで交互に開催されてきたが, 昭和54年のビクトリア市で開催された際に, 今後は隔年ごとに開催することに合意に達し, 今回の日本での開催は前回から2年後の開催となった。以下その概要について報告する。

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Nippon Kakoh Seishi K. K. was established in 1917, and started its production as the first art coated paper manufacturing company in Japan.
Since then, our predecessors had exerted themselves as Pioneer in this field.
Now, Nippon kakoh Seishi K. K. consists of a head office in Tokyo, two branch offices in Osaka and Nagoya, and two mills located in Takahagi city and Katsuta city of lbaraki Prefecture, Japan.
The location of Katsuta Mill introduced in this article is in Katsuta city neibouring to Mito city, Ibaraki Prefecture.
This mill was constructed in 1967, and at present manufactures not only papers but also plastic film products.
The Mill possesses 3 coaters, 3 casting m/c's and finishing processes as its paper production lines.
As for paper products, this mill has colored art papers, vaper corrosion inhibitor paper, cast coated papers, release papers and other speciality papers.
As for plastic film products, Katsuta Milll has wall papers and sticking films.
The mill site covers an area of about 180, 000 m2 and the number of employee is around 351.

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Agave Tequilana has been cultivated in Mexico for the manufacture of an alcoholic drinks well known as “Tequila”. For this purpose, the root stock of the plant is commercially used by cutting off leaves from the plant.
In the course of “Tequila manufacture process”, a large quantity of fibrous residue is expelled out of the process as waste by pressing the cooked root stock. The leaves of the plant have not been utilized and left in the plantation as waste material.
In this paper, both of the fibers obtained by decorticating from the leaves (sample A) and fibrous residue (sample B) were investigated for their pulping and paper-making properties, mainly on physical properties in relation to beating.
From the results of this investgation, it was found that :
(1) The fibrials in sample A showed parallel orientation to the fiber axis, and those in sam-ple B showed helical arrangement with respect to fiber axis.
(2) The average length and width in fiber cells were in value of 1.7 mm, 10.3 um for sample A and 0.8 mm, 25.5 pm for sample B, respectively.
(3) The fiber cell in sample A had a thicker cell wall and a narrower lumen compared with those in sample B.
(4) sample A contained a very high quantity of soluble material in 1% NaOH solution, however, the contentes of total-cellulose, α-cellulose and lignin were in low value. In contrast, sample B contained high contents of total-cellulose, α-cellulose, pentsan and lignin.
(5) Alkaline sulfite cooking process was applicable successfully to the both samples. But more rigorous condition was required in these samples than would be expected from the chemical constituents of both samples.
(6) The pulp yield of sample A was very low compared with sample B. It was attributed to the low contents of total-cellulose and a-cellulose of raw material.
(7) The brightness of pulp from sample B was low. It might suggest that some lignin remains in this pulp.
(8) The water retention values and the bulk densities of the pulps from sample A increased rapidly on beating. It might suggest that an internal fibrillation in pulp fiber of sample A occurs more easily on beating.
(9) The opacity of papers made from both samples decreased slowly on beating, and the tendency was not so remarkable. As a whole, these values remained at a high level compared with papers made from beaten conventional chemical wood pulps.
(10) The breaking length, burst factor and tear factor of papers from sample A were in a high values than those of sample B. The breaking length and burst factor of papers from sample A were in comparable with papers made from beaten conventional chemical wood pulps, and the tear factors were superior to them.

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After being beaten to about 350 ml C.s.f. by a Tappi Standard beater, commercial hardwood and softwood bleached pulps were dewatered by centrifuge in a cotton bag, shredded by hand and dried in a forced air circulation oven at 80°C for 6 days. Pulp fibres recycled 0, 1, 3 and 5 times by a sequence of wetting, defibrating, dewatering and drying, were wetted and dewatered by stepwise replacements with 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 95 and finally 100% ethanol, succeeded by iso-amyl alcohol, which was flushed with liquid carbon dioxide in a critical point drying apparatus. Surfaces of these fibres were observed by a scanning electron microscope JSM-25. At the same time, fibre width was measured from SEM micrographs taken at the inclination angle of 0°. Also recycled fibres were fixed by Luft solution (1.2% KMnO₄ & Veronal acetate buffer), followed by a stepwise dewatering by ethanol from 30 to 100%, a mixture of ethanol and propyleneoxide (1 : 1) and finally propyleneoxide. These fibres were embedded in a mixture of Epon 812, DDSA, MNA and hardner DMP 30. Embedded blocks were cut into a specimens thinner than 2, 000 Å by a ultra-microtome. Ultra thin specimens were electron stained with the Reynolds' lead staining method and observed under a transmittance electron microscope JEM-100 C. Handsheets of recycled fibres were dried on P₂O₅ and applied to a mercury intrusion porosimeter Shimazu 903-1 to measure the void volume.
The following results have been obtained from the above experiments.
(1) Parts of outer layer, Si, which were fibrillated by beating, were gradually removed from the surface of the fibre with recycling. This was supposedly taken place by separation of Si and S₂ layers due to their difference in shrinkage rates during drying.
(2) From the measurement of diameter of recycled fibres by SEM micrographs, a peak of the distribution curve for fibre diameter was shown to shift to the thinner side with recycling.
(3) Separation of S₁ layer from S₂ layer and delamination of S₂ layer were observed after 1st recycle from TEM micrographs as well. The more parts of S₁ layer were removed from the fibre surface, the more S₂ layer exposed. Fissures or cracks in the radial direction of the fibre wall appeared after 3rd recycle. After 5th recycle, S₂layer was more exposed on the fibre surface, more delaminated and more split in the radial direction.
(4) The mercury intrusion curves showed that the void volume of recycled fibre sheets increased with recycling at the pore diameter of severalμm, which correspond to the inter-fibre clearances and also of several tenths Am, correspond to pores in the cell wall. The latter seemed to be cracks appeared in the radial direction after 3 rd recycle on TEM micrographs.
Finally, it can be concluded that fibre walls of recycled pulp fibres are irreversiblly changed by recycling so as to loose fibrillated S1 layer and to cause delamination and radial split in S₂ layer.

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アルカリ蒸解でのキノイド添加の役割において, 木材親和性 (Xylophilicity) の重要性については既に報告した。その中で添加剤の木材親和性/親水性比 (Xy-lophilicity/hydrophilicity balance, 以下 xy/hy 比と略す) と溶解度とを混同しないよう言及した。
Bach, Fiehn の初期の論文では可溶性の添加剤のみが有効であることが指摘されている。Halton のアントラキノン (AQ) の触媒活性の発見により, 低溶解性のため溶解度の及ぼす影響についての注意が逸らされてしまった。しかし, Bach等の見解は今も生きている。残る疑問は, 添加剤の溶解度はどの程度高くなければならないが, そしてそれは効果にどんな影響があるかである。これ等の疑問が目下追求されているところである。
添加剤は木材に吸収される前に溶解していなければならない。もし, 添加剤の溶解度が低いならば, 溶液中の濃度は低くなり, 従って木材中の濃度も低くなる。木材親和性が高くとも, より高い溶解度を有する添加剤と比較すれば, その助剤としての効果は低いであろう。ここでは酸化型の添加剤の溶解について述べる。
キノイド触媒のソーダ蒸解の反応速度は, 添加剤濃度の平方根に比例することが報告されている。しかし, 本来溶解度の低い添加剤を, 比較的高い濃度で添加する時には, 平方根に比例する直線から外れ, 効果が悪くなることが予測される。たとえば, AQと同等な活性を示すレドックスであるロジンダン (Rosindone) はこの隔たりを明確に示すものである。
蒸解液が一旦添加剤で飽和されると, それ以上添加剤を増やしても, 未溶解分はパルプ化には寄与しないため効果は上らない。同じ理由で液比を変えても, 低溶解性添加剤の場合, ほとんど影響ない。しかし, xy/hy比によっては溶解した添加剤に本質的な影響を及ぼすことになる。

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