JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL
Online ISSN : 1881-1000
Print ISSN : 0022-815X
ISSN-L : 0022-815X
Volume 61, Issue 7
Displaying 1-18 of 18 articles from this issue
Pulp
  • Pulp Technical Committee
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 767-768
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Yuji Matsumoto
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 769-772
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    By a wide survey of inhomogeneity of lignin structure, a certain tendency was found among characteristic factors of lignin structure. Generally, when a certain tree species has lower lignin content, its lignin is richer in β-O-4 structure, especially of erythro type, and, syringyl type of aromatics. Interestingly, these characteristics are thought to be favorable for delignification reactions during pulping and bleaching. This result suggests the importance of the analysis of lignin structure for the survey of suitable woods for pulping.
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  • Yukio Tani
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 773-779
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    When paper is treated as a communicative function, it does print to the paper and the first time additional value occurs. Then, the paper does have a commercial value in the market. In this paper, required properties of pulp on printing are discussed when irradiating pulp reverse from the view point of the print and looking at it. In the case of printability, there are print runability and print quality. These properties aren’t always compatible, and become the request to be often disagreed with by.
    On printing, the shade of the image is resolved into halftone-dots and the image is expressed as the continuous aggregate of dots. The principle is the same even if the different printing method by plate is taken. Therefore, so-called “Dot-reproducibility” is very important to perform better printability, since the print quality is increased by how much a dot is precisely reproduced on the substance in printing. In any printing methods, the smoothness is indispensable for this dot-reproducibility, and pulp is also required to produce good smoothness. In addition to smoothness, surface strength, internal strength, tensile strength, appropriate shrinkage and cutting property (amount of paper powder) are requested on pulp to ensure good printability, e.g. picking, piling, blistering, folding fracture, and print fluting and so on.
    Understanding the problems of final printed products becomes an important point when discussing the quality of the pulp as an intermediate-product. It is considered that printability of pulp also becomes one of the big guideposts in studies and developments of pulp in the future.
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  • Koji Okomori
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 780-785
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Production of coated paper has been increased since it was invented. Bitoko grade is one of the staple commodities of coated paper and the characteristic is the paper containing mechanical pulp. Because bitoko grade paper is mostly printed by rotary offset press with heat-set ink, it is necessary to withstand printing problems like heat-set roughening, blistering and so on. Heat-set roughening is roughening at solid area of printed matter due to rising of fibers. Paper absorbs fountain solution during printing and the fibers are released from out-of-plane stress. Then the shape of the fibers changes from collapsed state to tubular at drying process of the press, and the fibers rise. Mainly, the long fibers of mechanical pulp, especially which cell wall is thick, cause this problem. The effect of pulp is greater than coating conditions such as pre-calendering, coating weight and so forth. Therefore it is quite important to control pulp quality for the better printability.
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  • Akifumi Hatta
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 786-792
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Even there is no movement of new mechanical pulp project in Japan, capacity of mechanical pulp manufacture is still increasing in the world. As main driving force of this movement, cost reduction has been done by various methods ; fewer and larger production units with bigger equipment, process to get lower cost and higher quality, low energy segment and etc.
    Even in the existing plants, Metso is working to improve them. One key equipment is mechanical steam separator to improve fiber loss and retention time between two refiners. Adjustable gap sensor instead of conventional TDC sensor is also available now.
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  • Junichi Hashimoto
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 793-798
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Customers’ trials of stock preparation conducted by the VIPT’s Technology Center were, except large-scale pilot equipment, mainly performance tests and single process simulation of the single equipment until around 1988. However, recent test mainstream, in the both paperboard and paper fields, turn to be the test to verify the improvement of quality deteriorated by change of raw material quality, improvement of productivity, reduction of production cost, and quality improvement required by end users.
    Regarding quality test, customers are more concerned about detailed areas such as adhesive-related contaminants, dirt and flake than in the past. Therefore, highly technological systems optimizing a single equipment performance are strongly being required by customers.
    Customer requirement for high quality product being more and more intensified and the difficulty in recycling of waste paper being expected, we need to enhance our technology to be able to respond to these changes of industry’s situation. Additionally, in order to develop the “Post-Recycle 60”, we VIPT are willingly ready to cooperate with this trend.
    This time we would like to introduce our development concept of OCC Screening System with the focus on achieving energy saving and quality improvement at the same time.
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  • Kazumi Fujita
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 799-805
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The increasing target of domestic wastepaper recycling rate to 60% by the end of 2005 had been achieved 2 years ahead by a result of great effort of various quarters. And today, “increasing the paper recycling rate to 62% by the end of 2010” had been set as a new goal again. About 630,000 t per year wastepaper usage increase is a condition for this new target realization.
    Because of the wastepaper recycling rate for board-paper is already more than 90%, increasing of fine wastepaper recycling rate is needed for the 62% target realization. But, the reality is that there is almost no high quality fine wastepaper remain. In addition, in the booming China the low exactly sorted US wastepaper is avoided, the Japanese wastepaper exporting became regular and domestic wastepaper itself is exhausting rapidly.
    Innovation and reform in various fields is necessary to achieve recycling rate 62% under such strict situation. In this seminar, I will show the technical tasks and the solutions of efficient use of low quality wastepaper in the stock preparation process that is Aikawa’s field.
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  • Masahiro Tsurumi
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 806-811
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In the causticizing process, the operation for kiln often requires continuous stability, but the operation is stopped by compulsion due to rapid development of dam ring in some cases.
    The dam ring is produced in the following manner : Low-melting alkali impurities such as sodium are supplied together with mud as a core from the kiln end and the low-melting substance exposed to high-temperature gas is made viscous to loosely bind the cores. Then, loose binding moved away from the high-temperature gas under the continuous supply of the mud changes into hard binding in the coating due to temperature decrease or re-carbonation. These reactions continuously work resulting in the formation of a large dam.
    Our company, long engaged in producing and selling fuel additives, tried relatively simple countermeasures through chemical addition against the dam ring and has proven many achievements. The details of our actual results are explained in this book.
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  • Hitoshi Takagi
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 812-816
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The amendment of Air Pollution Control Law that required pulp and paper mills to reduce discharge of chloroform was promulgated in 1996. Since then, Japanese pulp and paper companies have gradually been introducing elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching. In 2006, the production of ECF pulps exceeded 80 percent of Japanese bleached chemical pulp production.
    Generations of chloroform, chlorinated phenolic compounds, and chlorinated dioxins were decreased dramatically with ECF bleaching. The AOX level in ECF bleaching mill effluent was less than 0.2 kg per ton of bleached pulp. On the contrary, chlorate discharges were increased with chlorine dioxide bleaching.
    Whether ECF conversion decreases the adverse effects of mill effluents on aquatic organisms is evaluating in Japan Pulp and Paper Research Institute.
    It can be concluded that misgivings about the discharge of organic chlorine compounds from Japanese pulp and paper mills were practically eliminated by ECF conversion.
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  • Shintaro Sasada
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 817-821
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In order to reduce environmental impact, chlorine bleaching process has been converted to ECF bleaching, in Japan, following North Europe and North America. Oji Paper Group, according to Environmental Charter Action Guidelines, planned to convert kraft pulp (KP) bleaching process to ECF bleaching . Hardwood bleaching system at Kasugai Mill was converted in August 2000, followed by other domestic mills. All the 8 mills of our group has been completed conversion in June 2006.
    Oji Paper Group invested 16 billion yen for the conversion of all the 8 mills, where bleaching towers were rebuilt, and other equipments were renovated including the one for chemical production. In this presentation, details of the investment are reported, taking Kushiro LBKP bleaching process as an example.
    Conversion to ECF bleaching results in the increase of manufacturing costs, but keeps quality of bleached pulp and stabilizes operation, without any major troubles.
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  • Shin-ichi Hara
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 822-826
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    In Hachinohe mill of Mitsubishi Paper Mills Limited, the bleached kraft pulp (BKP) line named “3 BKP” was switched to an elementary chlorine free (ECF) bleaching in October 2000, and “2 BKP” was switched to the ECF bleaching in August 2005.
    It was found that there were some differences as to bleaching behaviors between the ECF bleaching whose first stage was chlorine dioxide and a conventional chlorine bleaching. For example, the ECF bleaching was more susceptible to a brightness of oxygen-delignified pulp than the conventional one. Emissions of adsorbable organic halogen and of chloroform were decreased by introducing the ECF bleaching. Thus, environmental targets were achieved. However, technical problems as to the ECF bleaching operation and a pulp quality newly occurred. These problems were an increased bleaching cost, calcium oxalate scales on diffuser screen and a discoloration of pulps and so on. Measures to hexenuronic acid which is deeply related to the problems have to be pursued for a fundamental solution to the problems.
    This paper described in regard to characteristics of the ECF bleaching, the technical problems and their measures that became apparent through the ECF bleaching operation.
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  • Makoto Horiguchi
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 827-830
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Kishu mill, Kishu Paper fiber line was converted to ECF bleaching sequence in August 2004. This plant was introduced to the hot chlorine dioxide process (DUAL-D) , and this bleaching sequence has D∗ (i) -EP-D.
    Also Dstage tower was adopted the gravity feed system (Difeed system) with the first installation in the world.
    The scale adhesion of some places is enumerated as a problem in current ECF operation. Continuous operation is possible now by the removal of the scale by a high-pressure washing and the acid washing when a biannual regular repair.
    The Dstage is effective as color reversion. However, temperature conditions are changed from 90°C planned at first because the amount of the steam use is large to 85°C now and the amount of the steam use has been reduced.
    (i) : Dnotes hot chlorine dioxide stage
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  • Kazuo Yamasaki
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 831-835
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Elementary Chlorine Free (ECF) bleaching, the bleaching method with no chroline gas, has now become global standard. With the raising concern over environmental issue and to meet the demand from consumers, ECF bleaching is rapidly spreading among Japanese paper industries as well.
    In accordance with the Nippon Paper Group’s Environment Charter (established in 1993) , Nippon Paper Industries has been keenly engaged in sustainable business activities that are in harmony with nature. Conversion of all bleaching lines to ECF is one of such activities.
    When installing ECF bleaching, Nippon Paper Industries pioneered in introducing new technologies such as ozone bleaching and hot acid treatment in Japan. In this report details of NPI’s introduction of those new technologies in ECF bleaching are presented.
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Research Report (Original Paper)
  • Jun Sato, Ian M. Hutchings, Jim Woodhouse
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 837-851
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Static methods (e.g. tensile testing) and ultrasonic methods have been most commonly used in the past to measure the elastic modulus of paper and paperboard. The static method, however, does not provide a dynamic value for modulus, and the accurate measurement of travel-time needed for the ultrasonic method is rather delicate and prone to error. A further problem is that the timescale (or frequency) involved in these methods is often far removed from the actual conditions experienced in the paper industry and in applications of these materials. A method using low frequency vibrations to excite out-of-plane bending vibrations, which are visualised as Chladni figures, might appear to be simple and unsophisticated, but can readily be applied to paper and paperboards in the frequency range from 10 to 1,000 Hz. Characteristic patterns are generated on rectangular or square samples at each resonant frequency. From the assumption that machine-made paper is generally orthotropic and that the boundaries are free, values of dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic Poisson’s ratio can be calculated by identifying only a few low-frequency modes.
    Values of dynamic Young’s modulus derived by this method for various core-board samples are lower than those obtained from ultrasonic measurements, which is consistent with a model for viscoelastic behaviour in which elastic modulus depends on frequency. Dynamic Poisson’s ratios in the machine direction and cross direction are also derived with high reproducibility. The vibration frequencies required to excite the modes depend on the sample sizes, but no significant differences in elastic moduli were seen for samples with sizes ranging from 75 × 75 to 200 × 200 mm ; the main restriction of the method is that the sample should be reasonably flat.
    The sensitivity of the vibration method is demonstrated by the reduction in stiffness of paper which can be detected when its surface is scratched or damaged ; detection of such damage by ultrasonic measurements is much more difficult. It is suggested that the vibration method using Chladni patterns is well suited to the accurate and reliable measurement of the dynamic elastic constants of the paper⁄paper board, at frequencies appropriate to the processing and use of these materials. The elastic constants obtained by this method may be useful within the paper industry for product and process design.
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  • Satoru Matsushima, Shigeo Matsushima
    2007 Volume 61 Issue 7 Pages 852-868
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: June 25, 2011
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Elastic bending deformation analysis for case of anisotropic corrugated fiberboard box shape (square tube : width L, height h and thickness T=5.54 mm) under uniform compression (-0.10 N⁄mm2) on upper and lower edges was performed. And characteristic behavior of stress and deflection for its case was discussed.
    Absolute maximum normal stress σbxmax in the width direction is at plate centers, and maximum normal stress σbymax in the height direction, maximum bending principal stress σb0max and maximum deflection wmax are at centers of side edges for side plate (L=350, h=300 mm) . Absolute maximum bending shear stress τbxymax and maximum bending principal shear stress τb0max are plate corners. σbxmax, σbymax, τbxymax and wmax increase and decrease with L increase. And σbxmax and wmax increase and decrease, and σbymax and τbxymax increase with h increase. σbxmax, σbymax, τbxymax and wmax increase with Ex increase and decrease with Ey increase. σbxmax and σbymax increase, and τbxymax and wmax increase and decrease with νxy increase.
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