Associations between childhood data and current symptoms were examined in 1,000 adult females. The childhood data were obtained by mailed questionnaire sent to the subjects' mothers, and the current symptoms were obtained by asking the subjects themselves. Several associations, potentially useful in prediction of adulthood symptoms, emerged.

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A review of recent studies on conventional organic parameters and trace organics in water has been made. (1)The conjunctive use of the different organic parameters can be an effective method of characterizing waste water in terms of organic strength and of predicting its treatability. (2)The GC-MS computer technique is a useful method for analysis of trace organics in water. But new methods and instruments will be needed to analyze the nonvolatile remainder for which gas chromatography is inappropriate. (3)Intensive water quality surveillance programs and research on the health effects of long-term ingestion of trace organics are needed.

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We have confirmed the existence of endothelial microvilli in limited regions of the rabbit aorta, particularly at the presumed site of fetal origin of the ductus arteriosus and near the origin of the subclavian artery. On the other hand, the entire endothelial surface in the fetus is covered by a profuse array of microvilli. In the ductus arteriosus of postnatal rabbits, a loss of endothelial microvilli by their fusion with the main cell surface was frequently observed. Such a diffuse occurrence of the microvilli in the fetuses suggests that there might be a retarded flow of plasma along the cell surface, thus enhancing the metabolic exchange between the plasma and the cell. More detailed studies will clarify whether patches of the microvilli in adult rabbits are remnants of an early condition or represent concentrations with specific significance in the adult.
In the umbilical vein of postnatal rabbits, a remarkable increase in the number of endothelial specific granules and their release into the vascular lumen was observed. Our histochemical and autoradiographical data indicate that they may contain biogenic amines such as histamine and serotonin. From these data, a possible role of the granules might be speculated : they induce the vascular contraction by their vasopressive activities during a stage of the potnatal vascular obliteration.
Endothelial cells of the small vessels and capillaries were examined in freeze-fractured preparations. The cells contain a variable distribution and number of pinocytotic caveoles. The greater concentrations were observed at the tissue front adjacent to the lumen. The distribution of endothelial pores with diaphragms and those without was examined in the fenestrated capillaries, and the ratios were about 12 to 1.
Daily changes of cultured endothelial cells were observed with the phase contrast microscope, the time-lapse microcinematoscope and the electron microscope. The observation strongly suggests that the cell populations of each cluster predominantly increase in number by amitotic divisions of the binucleate cells, although the proliferation by mitotic divisions cannot be ruled out. Vacuoles containing cross-banding fibers, similar to extracellular collagens, were observed in fibroblasts in the adventitia of the postnatal rabbit umbilical veins. Our electron micrographs indicate that these fibers are actively synthesized within the cells and undergo lysosomal degradation in the vacuoles. The observation does not suggest that they are phagocytosed collagens.

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The experimental results of the supravital electrocontractility of the muscles of rodents and frogs are reported in the present paper. 1) The maximum time of supravital electrocontractility of the gastrocnemius (abbreviation : Max. Ec.)of rodents was significantly shorter than that of frogs in all the experiments. 2)Max. Ec. generally tends to be shorter in cases accompanied by a convulsion in agonal stadium or neurotrophic atrophy. 3) The maximum time of supravital Ec (abbreviation : M. Ec. ) of musculus masseter was significantly shorter than M. Ec. of musculus flexor digitorum superficialis and M. Ec. of musculus gastrocnemius except in those cases associated with convulsion in agonal stadium. 4) Max. Ec. of the amputated limbs was almost the same as those of the unamputated limbs.

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Studies on the Y and Z blood groups are reviewed in this paper. In Japanese people the phenotype frequency of Y is 22.37%. Further investigations are necessary to determine whether the antigen Y is closely linked to the MNSs groups or not. The antigen Y behaves as a dominant genetic character. The phenotype frequency of Z is 29.51% in Japanese people. Further investigations are necessary to examine the antigen Z's linkage with ABO, MNSs, and Y blood groups. The Z antigen is inherited as a dominant character.

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1. It is widely accepted that nucleoli of eukaryotic cells are the main sites of both biosynthesis of ribosomal RNA and their processing to mature ribosomes. There is a close relationship between cellular proliferation and formation of ribosomes. Therefore, the activity of nucleoli in the rapidly growing tissues increased proportionately with the growth rate.
2. Enlargement of nucleoli and reduction of nucleolar number per nucleus are generally observed in rapidly proliferating cells, such as embryonic and regenerating liver and cancer cells of mammalians. The alteration of nucleolar size and number per nucleus was found to be reversible in the course of regeneration of the liver after partial hepatectomy and to be closely related to the time of the synthesis of nuclear DNA.
3. The studies on the content of ribosomal genes in both nuclei and nucleoli suggested the possibility of fusion of several nucleoli in the nucleoli of rapidly proliferating tissues. Analysis of the compositions of different-sized nucleoli, isolated by sucrose gradient from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, also supported this hypothesis.
4. Time course studies of biosynthesis of both DNA and RNA in the synchronized L-cells, which were prepared by double thymidine block method, have shown that both transcription of ribosomal RNA and replication of nucleolar DNA were carried out in the S-phase simultaneously, although the peak of DNA synthesis in the nucleoli was shifted to the late stage of S-phase as compared to that of nuclear DNA.
5. We found the presence of DNA polymerase in the nucleoli from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in 1975. Purification and characterization of nucleolar DNA polymerases suggested the presence of three types of enzymes, that is, DNA polymerase α, β, and γ, as reported for many mammalian cells. These DNA polymerases, especially α- and γ-polymerases, were closely associated with the nucleolar chromatin even after thorough washing of chromatins. This suggested that there must be some physiological roles of nucleolar DNA polymerases in the replication of nucleolar DNA.
6. In conclusion, our recent studies on the nucleoli described above suggested that nucleoli may replicate their own structures without disorganization of nucleoli through the cell cycle, except for the M-phase.

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The literatures on the azygos venous system were reviewed. Anatomical and anthropologica investigations were conducted on variations in this system on 24 Japanese from Northern Kyushu. The azygos venous system consists of three parts : the azygos vein, the hemiazygos vein, and the accessory hemiazygos vein. Among these three veins the accessory hemiazygos veins were observed in almost all cases(23 cases : 95.5%). This frequency is higher than those frequencies observed by predecessors(Tokudome and Rokutanda). There were some noteworthy cases in which the azygos vein and the accessory hemiazygos vein were connected with both the brachiocephalic vein and the vertebral vein.

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This paper is an introductory review of our previous reports concerning the relationship between ingestion of alcoholic beverages and cancer of the esophagus, liver, and pancreas. As for esophageal carcinoma, drinking of aqueous ethanol solution may accelerate esophageal carcinogenesis by promoting penetration of carcinogenic aromatic hydrocarbons into the mucosa as a solvent.
Though pure ethanolic solution itself failed to demonstrate carcinogenic activity, undistilled sake and its distillation residues had a promoting potency which approximated the established one of croton oil.
On the other hand, among 29 autopsied alcoholics, there was neither carcinoma of the liver nor of the pancreas, though some of them had the lesions of hepatic cirrhosis and chronic pancreatitis, in addition to occurrence of an esophageal carcinoma.

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By use of biscysteinatocobaltate (III) the effect of Co ions on the radiolysis of cysteine was studied in 0.8N sulfuric acid. An enhanced radiolysis yield of cysteine is ascribed to the oxydizing radical OH in concert with Co³⁺ in the complex, since Co³⁺ is in a stable oxidation state in neutral and alkaline media but in unstable in acid if not chelated. The radical OH causes a triple decomposition of the complex into Co²⁺ and cystine. The liberation of cysteine followed by reoxidation was observed in the course of radiolysis. The postulated reaction pathway is that cysteine radicals are produced by the attack of OH, entering into further decomposition of the complex without recombination of cysteine radicals. The theoretically calculated rate of cysteine generation and consumption during the radiolysis is in quantitative accord with the proposed reaction pathway. The reaction of biscysteinatocobaltate (III) in reaction with Co³⁺ was studied by titration method with Co(III)-alum and also by polarographic method for discussing the role played by the cysteine radicals in the radiolysis.

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In an area of low contamination, it is difficult to determine the maximum permissible limit of a discharged amount of an air pollutant. In this case, we studied the possibilities and limits of the LP method, and we introduced the method using imaginary sources of air pollution.
1) There are several theoretical considerations regarding the optimals of the LP method. Assume that an area consists of two districts, A and B, and that it is designed to determine the influence of all pollution sources in each district. If we take the total of the discharged amount of air pollutant as the object function of the LP method, optimals may sometimes be zero or negative. In this case, we may take another object function or another method.
2) An example using the inland area of Hyogo Prefecture is discussed. Air pollutant is sulfur dioxide and simulation model is Plume model (Sutton's equation).
3) Imaginary sources of air pollution are studied. In order to find reasonable optimals of the LP method, we introduced the method using imaginary sources of air pollution.

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The limblic system and the hypothalamus appear to mediate the somatic manifestations of emotion by acting as a bridge between the neocortex, the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine glands. In this manner, emotions may cause a multitude of endocrine and autonomic reactions, such as increased or decreased secretion of hormones, increase in blood pressure, increased smooth muscle activity of the uterus, and other organic or functional changes. The purpose of this presentation was to investigate the psychoneuroendocrine aspects in diseases, namely, endocrine diseases, vegetative disturbance, and childbirth. New Concept of Diseases － Systematic considerations have been made regarding the mechanism of development of diseases from three points of view, viz., psychology, endocrinology, and neurology, in an attempt to view diseases as a whole from a new concept, as shown in table 1. The f₁ stands for psychogenic fitness, f₂ for somatic fitness, x for genetic factor, y for situational factor, t for time factor, and z for disease. For example, the endocrine disorder that develops from the x under f₁ is of a congenital nature, and anorexia nervosa belongs to this group. Mental conflict at home and anxiety at work may be cited as y under f₂. The endocrine disorder indicatated by the x under f₂ is a case of chromosomal disorder, such as Turner's syndrome and testicular feminization syndrome. Inadequate use of hormones, dietary restriction (for weight reduction), and massive postpartum hemorrhage may be cited as y under f₂. The t under f₁ means the period after a psychological load (mental stress)has been applied, and the t under f₂ indicates the period after a somatic situational load has been applied. Effects of Autogenic Training by Schulz & Luthe － The therapeutic results of autogenic training for gynecological disorders were as follows : (1) Ovulation occured in all cases of 3 anovulatory cycles. Two of these patients became pregnant. (2) Menstruation appeared in 12 cases of 16 amenorrheas. (3) It has been possible to achieve a definite improvement of the vegetative syndrome in 45 cases of 53 vegetative disturbances. Psychoneuroedocrine Aspect in Childbirth － The main part of autogenic training of pergnant women is education prior to labor. Through this education, pregnant women come to understand the physiological aspects of pregnancy, Iabor, and its pains, so that fear and anxiety can be eliminated. At the same time, pregnant women receive instruction in antenatal bodily exercises, that is, supplemental gymnastics. The results of autogenic training were as follows: (1) Labor pain was decreased in the group treated with autogenic training. (2) Consideration should be directed towards what influence autogenic training has on the plasma concentration of 11-OHCS immediately after delivery. From these results it was concluded that for women who had attained adequate relaxation and whose fear and anxiety had been eliminated, the levels of plasma 11-OHCS remained low immediately after delivery, and the length of labor was shortened, indicating a beneficial influence from autogenic training on the mechanics of childbirth. Since successful therapy must be directed to the emotional factors, one must possess a good knowledge of the patient's physical and mental environments as they interact to produce symptoms.

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1.Man is neither a lump of material separated from his mind, nor a mere accidental union of body with mind. In other words, he is neither a monistic being nor a dualistic being, but a "not-one, not-two"being between body and mind. In the terminology of Nishida Philosophy, man is nothing but the self-identity of absolute contradiction (or the coincidence of contraries) between body and mind.
2. But this implies also that man is a finite being incarnating various kinds of relations with his natural, social environment and The Infinite Being. That is the reason why he must live in natnre and society, and he cannot help searching for the existential meaning of his death.
3. Our medical science science should be not only a natural science, but also a psychological, sociological, philosophical and religious science. In brief, it is an interdisciplinary anthropology. So the exigent need which has confronted us in the field of medical education is to integrate the methodology of natural science with those of psychology, sociology, philosophy, religion, etc. as complementary elements. This is what our President K. Tsuchiya has already suggested in his lecture "The Aims of Our University"at the first entrance ceremony on April 28th, 1978. Needless to say, this integration does not imply unifying or controlling all the other fields with one methodology. Rather it means the spiritual orientation by which we should try to investigate a more comprehensive viewpoint, respecting the unique methodology of each field.
4. A medical doctor is a vocation in the strict sense of word. He should be a bodhisattva or a servant of God who is more eager to cure the man of the disease than the disease of man. I suppose the so-called Joi (an eminent ,medical doctor) presented by president Tsuchiya can be interpreted as being a mediator of Divine Nature.
5. Since our life is in fact a life to the death, or rather a life in death, we can think that our death is nothing but an element to be integrated in our own life. The mission for which man dies is the rery raison d'être of his life. Life and death are therefore a coincidence of contraries on the level of deep, personal love. In this sense the Thanatology should be esteemed as an essential branch of medical science that serves human life.

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Children in realistic stories are not living in the actual world in the strict sense. They are only ideal children who are created by writers themselves, the kind of children all grown-ups expect their offspring to be. It is, therefore, important to judge authors by their viewpoints. Some writers try to depict children's lives from the right and fair angle and others write stories with a view to confining children to a society with an old order. We must discern the former from the latter.
Taking W. Golding's "Lord of the Flies" as an example of adult novels and I. Southall's "To the wild Sky" as that of juvenile novels, we illustrate the difference between adult and juvenile novels. Southall depicts how children overcome all the difficulties they find in their way and grow up into fine youth. This can be called an idealistic realism. In the frst half of the 20th century, a lot of excellent juvenile stories were such idealistic ones. However, as human minds became devasted and public morals corrupted in the 1960s, adults, having no ideals, could not show any hopeful future to their children. Under this condition, most authors were forced to write stories in which children lived and acted in a gloomy world.
In the 1970s, there have appeared two stories about austistic children. One is Usagi No Me or The Rabbit's Eyes by K. Haitani (Japan) and the other is "The October Child" by E. Spence (Australia). In "The October Child" Spence depicts the everyday life of the family of an autistic child, Carl. The main theme of this story is the way in which Douglas, Carl's brother, tries hard to deal with all the problems that Carl's handicap presents, but becomes aware that no one is adequately equipped to do it. Thus it may be said that juvenile stories are becoming less and less different from adult stories.

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Improvement of medical education, in particular, reports on the workshop on medical education are presented.
Chapter 1 deals with training teachers for the school of medicine.
Chapter 2 deals with the following medical education training at the Fuji Training Center of Education (1) Planning of educational objectives structured from Course GIO (Course General Instructional Objective), Unit GIO (Unit General Instructional Objective), SBO (Specific Behavioral Objective), and LS (Learning Strategies), (2)uses of examinations in medical education and evaluation methods consisting of recall, interpretation, problem solving, attitude, and skill, and (3) methods of medical education and training were discussed for 8 days from 9:00 AM to 9:00 PM.In chapter 3, the ethics of medical education are emphasized.
Chapters 4 and 5, discuss in detail methods of advancing medical education and the objectives of medical education.

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