Smallpox and rinderpest are two extinct viral diseases in recent years. The last case of Smallpox was eradicated in Somalia in 1977 by WHO and rinderpest in Kenya in 2001 by FAO/OIE. There were many features in common between the two diseases, for instance, both viruses have single serotpype; post vaccination immunity is almost life-long etc. The eradication of rinderpest was a major triumph of the veterinary profession.
When JP-15 campaign (1962-1976) was terminated after all clinical rinderpest cases were eliminated. However, toward the end of 1970s rinderpest surfaced again in both West and East Africa and moved toward the central Africa. The OAU/IBAR called for another African campaign (PARC) which started in 1986 with support of FAO and EEC. FAO Expert Consultation held in 1987 approved to expand the campaign in two other regions, namely West Asia (WAREC) and South Asia (SAREC). These two campaigns started in 1989 covering all infected countries in the world. PARC terminated its activities in 1998, and WAREC ended in 1994. However, SAREC was divided into two parts, India and Pakistan. The campaign in India called Rinderpest Operation Zero (1989-1996) was implemented in close collaboration with Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. The campaign in Pakistan was implemented between 1999 and 2002.
In 1989, OIE Expert Consultation was held in Paris, and the plans for strengthening surveillance programs of these campaigns were discussed. The outcome of this consultation included the time-bound plans for surveillance for clinically visible rinderpest cases and for sero-positive subclinical cases. This surveillance program, now known as “OIE Pathway”, became mandatory obligation to all the member countries involved in these campaigns. Later, OIE Pathway was also applied to the Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP) of FAO under its new program called EMPRESS, which started in 1994.
Extensive studies on rinderpest in wildlife during PARC (1986-1998) in Tanzania and Kenya supported the hypothesis that wildlife were not acting as a long term reservoir of rinderpest virus and that new wildlife epidemics require incursion of virus from another source presumably from cattle. This indicated that mass vaccination of cattle is effective to terminate rinderpest in wildlife. However, wildlife surveillance continued in East Africa under the follow up program called PACE (2000-2006) with improved methodologies. Particular attention was paid to the triangle area in Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia known as Somali Ecosystem. The last confirmed case occurred in 2001 in buffalo in Meru National Park in Kenya.
Some examples of the benefits brought by the world-wide eradication of rinderpest are listed.

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最近，新興感染症の原因ウイルスのレゼルボアとして，コウモリが注目されている。コウモリから直接ヒトへの感染による新興感染症の発生は稀であるが，コウモリ由来のウイルスが家畜や他の野生動物に感染し，そこからヒトへの感染が拡大し，致死率の高い感染症となることは，ニパウイルスやヘンドラウイルス感染症，重症急性呼吸器症候群（SARS）の例に見られるように，コウモリ由来ウイルスによる新興感染症の一つのパターンかもしれない。SARSコロナウイルスの起源がコウモリ由来ウイルスの可能性が指摘されてから，コウモリからのコロナウイルス分離に限らず未知のウイルス遺伝子の分離が盛んに行われる様になった。また，遺伝子探索方法も飛躍的に進展し，種々のウイルス遺伝子のコウモリからの分離が報告されるようになった．本稿では，これらのコウモリから分離されたウイルスで新興感染症に関係するウイルスのみならず，新たに分離されたウイルスに付いても言及する。

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本研究は，国内生産農場における雌豚の繁殖成績を，3グループの種付け方法で比較することを目的とした。雌豚の種付け方法による比較には，人工授精（AI）と自然交配（NM）の両方を実施している87農場の生産記録を使用した。生産記録には，未経産豚24,192頭の27,034回の種付けと22,063回の分娩記録，および経産豚35,630頭の100,813回の種付けと85,498回の分娩記録を含めた。1回の種付けは，1発情期間中の2回以上のAIまたはNMと定義した。全ての種付けは，‘AIのみ’，‘NMのみ’，‘AIとNMの併用（CM）’の3つの種付けグループに分類した。統計分析には，ANOVAを用いた。全127,847回の種付け記録において，‘AIのみ’，‘NMのみ’，CMの割合は，それぞれ53.8%，8.6%，37.6%であった。初回種付け未経産豚および経産豚において，分娩割合と生存産子数は‘NMのみ’とCM種付け間で差が見られなかった。初回種付け未経産豚において，‘AIのみ’は，‘NMのみ’種付けと比べて分娩割合が5.9%低く，生存産子数が0.5頭少なかった（P<0.05）。初回種付け経産豚において，‘AIのみ’は，‘NMのみ’種付けと比べて分娩割合が2.2%低く，生存産子数が0.1頭少なかった（P<0.05）。結論として，未経産豚と経産豚の両方の繁殖成績を向上させるためには，国内生産農場におけるAI技術の更なる改善が必要である。

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北海道では野生化したアライグマが増加しているが，アライグマにおけるレプトスピラ症の浸潤状況は十分に知られていない。今回，北海道中央部で捕獲されたアライグマについてレプトスピラの浸潤調査を行った。
捕獲されたアライグマ259頭中10頭（3.9%）からレプトスピラが分離された。肝臓2例（0.8%），腎臓9例（3.5%），尿1例（0.4%）からレプトスピラが分離された。PCR法により60頭（23.2%）からレプトスピラDNAが検出された。肝臓26例（10%），腎臓33例（12.7%），尿28例（10.8%）からレプトスピラDNAが検出された。11種の血清型のレプトスピラを用いて顕微鏡学的凝集反応（MAT）を行った。255頭中63頭（24.5%）でいずれかの血清型に対しての抗体が確認された。その中でもAutumnalisに対して高く，10%以上の陽性率を示した。PCRおよび抗体調査の結果，幼獣よりも成獣のほうが，また地域的には胆振地方の陽性率が高かった。
以上の結果から，今回捕獲した北海道のアライグマにはレプトスピラが広く浸潤していることが明らかになった。アライグマは急増し，人，犬，家畜などとの接触の機会も増えてきている。したがって，アライグマからの人，犬，家畜へのレプトスピラ感染の可能性が危惧された。

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Gastrointesitnal helminths of four age groups of Aigamo ducks, a cross between wild ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) and domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus), were investigated in Hokkaido, Japan. A total of five helminth species, namely Amidostomum acutum, Echinostoma revolutum, Aploparaksis sp., Hymenolepis sp., and Fimbriaria sp. were obtained and identified from 37.84% of 37 individuals of Aigamo duck. Among the above, A.acutum, Aploparaksis sp. and Hymenolepis sp. are the first host record from Aigamo ducks in Japan. And the present result suggested that the parasites, including high pathogenic and/or zoonotic species, passed from wild ducks to Aigamo ducks at outfield rearing period.

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Because of the outbreak of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O111 and O157 in April, 2011, Japanese government decided to set a new standard of meat consumed raw. This standard was established with reference of the Codex Commission guideline for microbiological risk management. Microbiological standard is that Enterobacteriaceae is negative in each 25 samples of 25 g of raw beef. One centimeter below the surface of this raw beef block covered by plastic bag shall be heated at 60°C for 2 min. After heating, sampling shall be done from the part of this beef block without heating.
This beef block is cut at the special part of kitchen in restaurants with a knife and on a cutting board only for this purpose.

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Chikungunya (CHIK) virus has re-emerged as an important vector-borne pathogen causing epidemics in some parts of the world. A large scale epidemic of CHIK fever occurred in Kenya in 2004 and spread to Indian Ocean islands, India, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.
The CHIK fever had registered to the Category IV infectious disease under the Infectious Control Low and the Quarantine Act revised in February 1, 2011. CHIK fever is characterized by acute febrile illness with arthralgia that accompanies high fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, low back pain and rash lasting 3-10 days. The joint pains may last for weeks to months after acute illness. The CHIK virus genome is a member of the Alphavirus genus, the family Togaviridae. The endemics have occurred in urban areas where A. aegypti and A. albopictus are vectors in tropical Asia and Indian Ocean islands. Sylvatic transmission cycles involving forest-dwelling Aedes spp. and wild primates, rodents and chiroptera maintain endemicity in Africa.

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Having the tighter budgetary and human resources for the livestock disease prevention nowadays, rational and efficient distribution of the existing properties is highly required. In this point of view, it is one of the essential and crucial points to understand the cost of the surveillances to progress their strategic improvement. This document shows the results of the descriptive analyses of the financial cost, which includes the test materials and kits, and the labors involved in the collecting activities related to the 20 active surveillances among 97 notifiable diseases conducted in 2005-2007 in Japan. It was indicated that these two types of costs were largely varied between diseases. When reviewing and replanning the each surveillance, which has own objectives and significances in the Japanese livestock industry, the present results would be useful for the administrative agency.

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