Veterinary Epidemiology had been recognized as an important subject in Applied Veterinary Medicine. However, this subject had been educated in the subjects for Veterinary Public Health, Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Infectious Disease in Japanese Veterinary schools. The Japan society of Veterinary Epidemiology had proposed that Veterinary Epidemiology should be educated as an independent subject in Veterinary Education. In 2011, Veterinary Medicine Model Core Curriculum was enacted in Japanese Veterinary education, and Veterinary Epidemiology was included in Veterinary Medicine Model Core Curriculum Veterinary epidemiology as an independent subject. Therefore, Veterinary schools in Japan will start the subject for Veterinary Epidemiology in their curriculum. We should educate not only “lecture” but also “practical education” in Veterinary Epidemiology. However, few “practical education” in Veterinary epidemiology is done in Japanese Veterinary School. The Japan society of Veterinary Epidemiology propose that practical education of Veterinary Epidemiology should be educated in Veterinary Education.

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To develop a core group of field epidemiologists for risk assessment and management of infectious diseases and other health-related crises, the Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) of Japan was begun in 1999 as a two year on-the-job training course. Core activities of the FETP consist of 6 components : (1) training opportunities ; (2) conducting investigations of disease outbreaks ; (3) disease surveillance (analysis and evaluation of the system) ; (4) communication ; (5) epidemiological research ; and (6) teaching opportunities. As of the end of March 2012, there are now fifty graduates including 2 veterinarians who are on the frontlines of public health and medical science, and belong to local public health authorities, research institutes, universities, Self-Defense Forces and so on.

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In Japan, foodborne outbreak investigations tend to rely on pathogen detection from suspected foods, and rarely depend on epidemiological findings when implementing control measures. This often leads to a delay in outbreak response. In the United States and many countries in Europe, results from epidemiological investigations are more frequently used to control the outbreak in a timely manner.
In June 1997, a major enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 foodborne outbreak struck Okayama city causing 125 illnesses. Despite a thorough investigation, health officials could not determine the direct cause of the outbreak due to insufficient epidemiological findings. Recognizing the need for epidemiological training, Okayama City Public Health Center, in collaboration with nearby universities, started hosting “Field Epidemiology Training” courses every year for food sanitation health officials not only of Okayama city, but also of other municipalities.
The training course provides two three-day classes, “basic” and “advanced”, according to the knowledge level of the trainees.
The “basic” class aims at understanding general concepts of epidemiology and mastering basic techniques in a foodborne outbreak investigation. An exercise session is held after each lecture, which helps the trainees to understand the concepts and how to implement them to foodborne outbreak investigations. The course is practical and trainees may use the techniques taught in this course as soon as they get back to their job, which is highly appreciated.
In the “advanced” class, trainees are divided into groups to each analyze outbreak investigation data brought from each trainee’s health centers. Each group makes a presentation at the end of the course on how they analyzed the data and the reason for their final decision to manage the outbreak. They discuss the methods used and their decisions with the trainers and other groups.
We believe that field epidemiology should play a more important role in foodborne outbreak investigation in Japan, and that field epidemiology training is becoming increasingly necessary.

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Important animal diseases, such as BSE, highly pathogenic avian influenza and foot and mouth disease, occurred in Japan in recent years. These diseases severely damaged livestock industries and also increased social concerns about food safety and public health. With increasing the importance of animal health in the general public as well as the livestock industries, the role of “epidemiology” has been expected as a useful tool to understand and analyze disease situations and to support decision making for control and prevention of animal diseases. To meet these expectations, the veterinary epidemiology training course for local and national veterinary officials in working for animal health is held annually. The training course is sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, and managed by the National Institute of Animal Health. The aim of this training course is to provide basic principles and skills of veterinary epidemiology applicable to animal disease control activities. During the training course, trainees firstly learn basic methods to analyze and interpret field data, to evaluate diagnostic tests, and to design observational studies and surveys using sampling methods. Then, they learn how to apply basic epidemiological methods to problems through practical exercises. These include outbreak investigations and epidemiological studies of diseases in animal populations. This training course provides good opportunities to brush up and develop appropriate knowledge and skills of epidemiology for veterinarians in the animal health field.

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In Japan, following the recent outbreaks of emerging/ re-emerging zoonoses and trans-boundary diseases, the importance of epidemiology in application to control such disease is increasingly recognized. Although far belated from the other countries, veterinary epidemiology education started in 2006 and the first independent veterinary epidemiology unit in Japan was established in 2010 in Rakuno Gakuen University. We introduces the education system associated with veterinary epidemiology in the university. The Veterinary Epidemiology Unit aims for problem-oriented approach and internationalization and deals with wide range of problems inside and outside Japan, frequently using trans-disciplinary approach such as One Health. In order to start applied veterinary epidemiology education in Japanese universities, veterinary epidemiology experts should strengthen their networks to provide good back-stopping of the newly assigned researchers. It is also important to appeal for the establishment of regulatory science funds for epidemiology attached with the capacity development of veterinary graduate students.

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有症苦情事例の調査で馬刺しを共通食品とする事例が複数あることが判明した。疫学解析の結果，馬刺しが原因食品として考えられ，寄生虫学的及び病理組織学的検査を実施したところ，住肉胞子虫（Sarcocystis）が高度に寄生していることが判明し，生物学的及び形態学的特徴から犬を終宿主，馬を中間宿主とするS. fayeriと同定された。毒性評価に用いたウサギ腸管結紮ループ試験でS. fayeriシスト内15kDa蛋白質の下痢原性が証明された。本食中毒予防法としては，凍結処理が有効であった。S. fayeriの確認検査法として，ひとつは生鮮馬肉の詳細な顕微鏡観察であり，もうひとつはPCR法を用いた住肉胞子虫18SrRNA遺伝子の検出である。

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本研究の目的は，犬のアトピー性皮膚炎（CAD）の臨床症状と発症年齢について記述疫学の手法で調べることであった。全国996の病院で獣医師によりCADと診断された2,338頭の犬の記録から，CADと性別，地区，飼料や飼育者の喫煙状態が評価された。回帰分析のBackward法を使い，有意が認められなかった変数（P＞0.05）を除去した。CADの平均発症年齢は，2.56歳（0.05 SEM）であった。発症年齢が低くなることと関係があったのは，品種，避妊済みメス，同居動物が猫，主な飼育者が喫煙者であった（P＜0.05）。臨床症状は，品種，メス，同居動物が猫，主な飼育者が喫煙者と関連があった（P＜0.05）。この研究では，CADの臨床症状と発症年齢について品種，性別，飼育環境などとの関連があることを示唆した。

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本研究の目的は，四つに細分化した母豚の生涯非生産日数（NPD）とその日数割合を農場生産性グループ間で比較することとした。本研究では，101農場における44,720頭の雌豚における生涯記録を用いた。生涯NPDは，出生後初交配から受胎までの日数（FMCI），生涯における離乳後初回交配日数（WMI），生涯における初回交配から受胎までの日数（MCI），淘汰産次における離乳から淘汰までの日数（WCI）の四つに細分化した。農場は，年間種付け雌豚当たり離乳子豚数の上位と下位25%で，高生産性農場，中生産性農場および低生産性農場に分類した。生涯NPDの平均（±SEM) は87.4±0.31日であった。FMCI，生涯WMI，生涯MCIおよびWCIの平均日数は，それぞれ5.8±0.10日，27.4±0.11日，14.9±0.16日および39.3±0.23日であり，日数割合はそれぞれ6.6%, 31.4%, 17.0%および45.0%であった。農場生産性グループ間で生涯生存日数に差は見られなかったが，高生産性農場は生涯NPDおよび細分化した四つのNPDが低生産性農場よりも短かった（P＜0.05）。高生産性農場では，低生産性農場よりもFMCI，生涯MCIおよびWCIの日数割合が1.9%から5.4%低かった（P＜0.05）。母豚の生涯繁殖効率を改善するために，各々のNPDの日数を減らすことが重要である。また，WCIは生涯NPDの中で最も大きな割合を占めているため，この日数をコントロールすることは重要である。

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本研究の目的は日本の乳牛における乳房炎に関与するCTX-M型 β-ラクタマーゼ（CTX-M）産生Enterobacteriaceaeの存在を明らかにすることと，その乳房炎罹患牛の臨床経過を調査することである。2006年の8月から2007年1月に北海道根室支庁の1,000酪農場で発生した20,194頭の乳房炎牛の30,237検体の分房乳から分離した51株のセファゾリン耐性のオキシダーゼ陰性・グラム陰性桿菌株をClinical Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）標準のコンビネーションディスク法による基質拡張型 β-ラクタマーゼ （ESBLs） 確認テストを用いてスクリーニングした。ESBLs確認テスト陽性株はPCRとDNAシークエンスによりCTX-M-，TEM-，SHV-型 β-ラクタマーゼの遺伝子型別を行った。また21の抗菌薬の最小発育阻止濃度（MIC）を測定した。2農場における2頭の乳房炎罹患牛の3つの分房から3株のCTX-M-2産生Klebsiella pneumoniaeを分離同定した。1頭の乳牛は全身症状のない軽症の急性臨床型乳房炎（ブツを含む軽症の水様乳汁，分房の軽度の腫脹と熱感・硬結）を表し，診断後4週間で軽快した。他の1頭の乳牛は全身症状を伴う重症の急性臨床型乳房炎を表し，診断後10週間で軽快した。これらの分離株はアンピシリ，セファゾリン，セフロキシム，セフォタキシム，セフトリアキソン，セフポドキシム，セフチオフル，セフキノム，カナマイシン，オキシテトラサイクリンには耐性を表した。一方，セフタジジム，セフメタゾール，モクサラクタム，イミペネム，アズトレオナム，ゲンタマイシン，トリメトプリム/スルファメトキサゾール，エンロフロキサシンには感性であった。本研究は日本における牛乳房炎に関与するCTX-M産生K. pneumoniae分離株についての初報告である。

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1924. With its 178 Member Countries (as of November 2012), it works to (i) ensure transparency in the global animal disease situation ; (ii) collect, analyse and disseminate veterinary scientific information ; (iii) encourage international solidarity in the control of animal diseases ; (iv) safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products ; (v) improve the legal framework and resources of national Veterinary Services ; and (vi) provide a better guarantee of food of animal origin and to promote animal welfare through a science-based approach. The international standards of the OIE are considered as points of reference for animal health and zoonoses by the World Trade Organization.

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National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring ; NARMS, USA), Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme ; DANMAP, Denmark) and Swedish Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring ; SVARM, Sweden) were investigated.
NARMS is a collaboration among the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the U. S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). It monitors retail meat, human and food-producing animals. DANMAP is also an integrated system involving animals, retail meat and humans. Same as the National Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System in Japan (JVARM), all systems monitor Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.. In these systems, different from JVARM, they collect the animal samples in the slaughterhouse. In European countries, they emphasize to monitor the consumption of antimicrobials for food animals. In order to construct the better monitoring system, they often review the methods by themselves.

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In this report, I introduce the 13^th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE 13) held from 20-24, August 2012 in Maastrich, Netherland and Belgium. ISVEE is one of the biggest international conferences in the veterinary epidemiology. Numerous studies were reported and we had lively discussion in the conference. In particular, there were lots of reports about transboundary animal infectious diseases such as Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). We should promote international collaboration in many countries, and ISVEE is a good opportunity for its activities.

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