Global spread of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in bird population and its infection in human are at high concern. Since 2020, the HPAIV infection has been continuously reported in Europe even in summer, and spread to North American and African countries. Finally, it eventually reached to South American countries where no HPAIV infections had been reported. Given the huge concern to global HPAIV spread, the possibility of vaccine implementation has been discussed at global level though the basic control measures against HPAIV infection in poultry is detection and culling. World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) agreed for use of avian influenza vaccine when HPAIV control by culling is too difficult. For the preparedness of emerging situation in Japan, the inactivated vaccine against HPAIV infection for emergency use had been developed using the non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses. The vaccinated chickens were survived from HPAIV challenge but the vaccine did not protect them from infection of challenge virus, posing the possibility that the silent spread of contagious viruses should be sustained in the vaccinated poultry flock. Even understanding the limitations of current HPAIV vaccines, several member states had considered for preventive vaccination in poultry. In 2023, French government decided to start the vaccination to domestic duck, but only rare species, to protect them after careful assessment and discussion in this issue. Global society has considered vaccination positively to decrease the HPAIV infection and the trade damage by it, which was also agreed with WOAH. Nevertheless, the basic control measures against HPAIV had not changed at all, and more intensive measures, active surveillance and antigenicity investments, are required to start vaccination in poultry flock.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease for cloven-hoofed animals. An FMD outbreak can cause devastating economic damages, particularly in a region where FMD is not endemic. There are seven immunologically distinct serotypes of the FMD virus. Based on the differences in VP1 sequences, serotypes have been further divided into several genotypes. Although FMD vaccines play an important role in the world to control FMD, because of the broad antigenic diversity of FMDV, it is important to estimate the antigenic match between the vaccine and field virus.

Since the FMD vaccine utilize inactivated and purified whole viral particles (146S), vaccination almost exclusively induces antibodies against structural proteins (SP). In contrast, FMDV infections induce both antibodies to SP and nonstructural proteins (NSP). Therefore, the detection of NSP specific antibodies enables to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA).

It is to note that FMD vaccines do not offer complete protection to vaccinated animals, leaving them susceptible to secondary infections with field isolates, which may lead to asymptomatic and persistent infections. This poses a significant concern for the further spread of the disease and hinder efforts to control and eradicate FMD in future.

動物介在介入（animal-assisted intervention: AAI）は医療，介護，教育等の分野で応用され人に癒しを与えてきた。またAAIは動物に役割を与え，人と動物双方の生活を豊かにする。しかしながら，新型コロナウイルス感染症（COVID-19）パンデミックの発生により世界的にAAIは中止された。日本でもCOVID-19の影響でAAI実施体制の維持が困難となっていることが予想される。本研究は，AAI実施者，利用者，高齢者介護施設へのCOVID-19の影響を調査することを目的として実施された。

分析焦点者をCOVID-19パンデミック発生前から高齢者介護施設でAAI活動に携わってきた人とし，北海道在住の4名のAAI実施者と高齢者介護施設職員2名（うち1名はAAI実施者）の合計5名の調査協力者を対象として，COVID-19発生前，発生拡大時，発生から2年後における状況について2022年2月から6月に掛けてインタビューを実施した。AAI実施者のうち1名はオンラインで，その他は対面でインタビューを行った。インタビューに要した時間は一人当たり30から50分で，インタビューデータは逐語化し修正版グラウンデッド・セオリー・アプローチ（M-GTA）を用いて質的に分析した。具体的には，データから概念を作成し，複数の概念からカテゴリーを生成した。最後に，カテゴリー間の関係性を考慮しながら結果図およびストーリーラインを作成した。

COVID-19発生前は，AAIはAAI実施者，利用者，高齢者介護施設の全てに好ましい影響をもたらしていた。AAIは2020年から休止されていた。COVID-10パンデミックにより高齢者介護施設利用者に顕著な福祉の低下が起きたが，COVID-19発生から2年後には状況が改善されていた。AAI実施者と高齢者介護施設職員の双方が活動再開を希望し，広場に集まるのではなく個室を訪問する方法で接触機会を減らした活動の再開方法を計画していた。活動再開には，全ての犬がAAIの資格を喪失しており適性試験を再受験しなければならないこと，ボランティアのAAI実施者を再度募集しなければならない課題があることが特定された。実施体制の再構築には時間が掛かることが予想される。

Part one describes the governmental structure and control measures against ASF infection conducted in farms. To control ASF in wild boars, the Ministry of Environment (MOE) plays a leadership role in conducting surveillance, testing, and vaccine development. Fencing is also applied to reduce the movement of wild boars to disease-free areas. The original bait vaccine was developed and produced at the factory level for CSF. Since the CSF control was started before the enhancement of the role of MOE in controlling ASF in wild boars, the bait vaccine distribution has been under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs. This information will be beneficial to review and enhance control measures against CSF in Japan.

The recent increase in the movement of people and goods due to internationalization has caused the large scale of African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks in Europe and Asia. This paper focused on the ASF epidemic and its background in Europe, particularly since the re-entry of the disease into Europe in 2007. Even within Europe, epidemiological scenarios differ among countries and priority risk factors vary, thus control measures need to be carefully selected and adapted. Here, basic knowledge of the ASF virus, as well as the problems and countermeasures in the current epidemic situation, are comprehensively introduced.