It should be noted that the cases examined were young hens (4 to 6 months of age)and that most of them were sacrificed. Moreover, the parasites detected were in bothstages of schizogony and gametogony. Leucocytozoon was demonstrated in only 6 casesout of 11 autopsied from farm A. Though no cases without demonstration of the parasitewere encountered in the present study, the authors sltould be reminded the fact that theincomplete examination may be responsible for the results of the study. Merozoites wererecognized in [2 cases and gametocytes in 8 cases out of 15 in which had been examinedblood smears. In 15 cases, schizogony was observed histologically. Accordingly, it canbe said that the diseased condition of leucocytozoonosis was advanced in the encounteredflocks.The low mortality rate among the present cases shows a distinct contrast to the highmortality rate among the cases reported in which 50 to 80% of mortality was indicatedby AKIBA et aI.1) among baby chicks about 20 days old, and 70% by Goro et al.) amongbaby chicks 17 through 20 days old.In the present study, merozoites were found out in the lungs, liver (C-757, Fig. 2), ventricular wall of the forebrain (C-754, Fig. 3), and spleen (D-782) histologically. Mero-zoites released from the megaloschizont were located around the latter. In one case, merozoites were aggregated and presented an embolus-like appearance in small bloodvessels of the lungs (C-754, Fig. 4). Early schizonts) were observed exclusively in themesenchymal cells of the spleen (C-759) and the liver (D-782). They were fine granularin shape and poorly stained with hematoxylin in the cytoplasm. Fine granular aggrega-lions without envelope were seen among cells which were smaller in size than severalcollected cells. Many of the megaloschizonts were gathered to form groups, but somewere solitary (Fig. l).The number of megaloschizonts detected froun tissues with or without cellularreactions was not so large in general. A considerable number of megaloschizonts, however, wer

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The effect of a new /3-stimulant, trimetoquinol, 011 skeletal muscle contraction inrabbits was studied in comparison with epinephrine and isoproterenol under pentobar-bital anaesthesia.I) Three 7-stimulants (5 to l0pg/kg i.v.) increased the twitch tension of EDLmuscles and decreased that of SQL muscles when the nerve was stimulated at l Hz. Theseresponses were independent of vascular changes. The effects of trimetoquinol and iso-proterenol were suppressed by prior injection of propranolol, and those of epinephrinewere depressed by propranolol and phentolamine.2) Under infusion of gallamine in F.DL muscle, epinephrine produced anticurare(mediated through the a-receptor) and curare-potentiating (through the p-receptor) ac-tions, and trimetoquinol and isoproterenol caused an increase in twitch tension similarto that in non-treated muscle and curare-potentiating action.In the gallaminized SQL muscle, the three drugs induced a decrease in twitch height, but, in the presence of propranolol, a reversal of the effect was observed with epinephrine andinafewcaseswithiSOPrOteren01, a!1.dtherevcrsalwasantagonizedbyphentolamine.3)Inthechronica11ydenervatedmusdes, thethrcedrugscausedadecreaseinLwitchheightandinmusde tone. These effectsbyepinephrinewereantagonizedbyproprano101andphentolamine, andthosebytheothertwodrugswerediminishedbyproprano101.4)Themechanicalresponscsofskeletalmuscletotrimetoquinolwcrethoughttobecausedthroughtheβ-adrenoceptorfromthercsultsobtainedinthepresentex-periments.β ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? trimctoquinol ?? ?? ?? ??, pentobarbital ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? cpinephrinc, isoprotercnol ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? .1) ?? ?? ;3.. ?? ?? ?? (510μg/kgi.V.)IHz ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ( ?? ?? ) ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ( ?? ?? ) ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? . ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? .

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This paper deals with a procedure of purification of three classes of immunoglobulinfrom porcine serum and sows colostrum. The procedure was summarized as follows(Charts 1 to 3).I. For the purification of immunoglobulins IgG and IgM, pooled porcine serumwas treated with (NH4)2804 to a concentration of ? saturation. Then precipitation wascarried out with a DEAF, -cellulose column (anion-exchange chromatography). The step-wise elution entailed tlte use of seven buffers: (J) 0.01 M NaH:P0+ adjusted to pH 7.6with 0.01 M NaOII, (2) 0.02 M NaH.P0. adjusted to pH 6.3 with 0.02 M Na0H, (3) 0.05 MN1H204, (4) 0.1 M N3lH2PO4, (5) 0.15 M NlH2P04, (6) 0.3 M NlH2P04, and (7) 0.4 MNaH, .P0+. IgG was seen in an elution obtained with buffers (l) and (2). This IgG waspurified by chromatography on CM-cellulose (cation-exchange chromatography) and getfiltration on Sephadex G-200. IgM could be obtained with buffers (4) to (6). The proteincontaining IgM was also fractionated by repetition at get filtration three times onSpehadex G-200 using 0.2 M Tris-HCI and 0.15 M Nail buffer (pH 8.1) for purification, From 100 ml of pooled porcine serum, about 675 rug of IgG was collected, and IgMwas estimated to be 117 mg.2. Colostrum was collected from sows for the purification of IgA. Fat was removedfrom the colostrum, which was then subjected to decaseination and delipoproteinization.The whey was fractionated with Sephadex G-200 against 0.2 M Tris-HCI saline buffer(pH 8.1) which had been used for elution. The resultant fraction was then applied to acolumn of DEAF, -cellulose by stepwise elution. The protein that was assumed to be IgAwas eluted with 0.125 M and 0.15 M Tris-HCI buffer (pH 7.4). This crude IgA was fractionated by repetition of get filtration three times on Sephadex G-200 with Tris-HCIsaline buffer (pH 8.1).From TOO ml of colostrum, about 192 mg of IgA was finally collected.3. Antisera were prepared by injection of rabbits with the three classes of immuno-globulin in Freunds complete adjuvant. Alpha- or beta-globulin was seen in ant In recent years, some trials for separating the plasma protein components have beenput in practice by the author33=3) to explain the behavior of transaminases in fowl bloodplasma and their physicochemical properties. As a result, it was pointed out that several components obtained by subfractionationof albumin37) and beta-globulins36) were regarded satisfactorily as carriers of reverse (R)-aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), R-alanine aminotransferase (GPT), and reversibleGPT. Several physicochemical determinations laave already been performed to clarifythe properties of these components36?37).On the contrary, it is known that the fairly effective purification of ant active material?on1y for forward (F)-GOT substrate was accomplished as fraction IV-73?35). Moreover, aprotein component with an active fragment of F-GOT has frequently been found in acertain globulin group3?35). Notwithstanding, that fraction has not yet been subjectedto a highly effective purification, because the problem of how to separate and purify itremains unsettled. In order to obtain a basic solution for this problem, it is necessary to?devise a method for systematic separation of blood plasma globulins.The present report deals with a method developed and introduced into practical, application by the author.The results of experiments with this method are summarized as follows.I. On the basis of the relations among several quantities listed in some tables, acomponent distinguishable by disc electrophoresis that had migrated to position 5-b wasobtained by subfractionation from the original fraction, IV-4, as fraction IV-4(d). It wasfound to be F-GOT. Moreover, one of the R-GPT samples existed among the conjugatedprotein components with the relative position, 6-a to b. This conjugated component wasobtained from the original fraction, IV-l, as fraction IV-1(f).2. [the rest omitted]

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In recent years, some trials for separating the plasma protein components have beenput in practice by the author33=3) to explain the behavior of transaminases in fowl bloodplasma and their physicochemical properties.As a result, it was pointed out that several components obtained by subfractionationof albumin37) and beta-globulins36) were regarded satisfactorily as carriers of reverse (R)-aspartate aminotransferase (GOT), R-alanine aminotransferase (GPT), and reversibleGPT. Several physicochemical determinations laave already been performed to clarifythe properties of these components36?37).On the contrary, it is known that the fairly effective purification of ant active material?on1y for forward (F)-GOT substrate was accomplished as fraction IV-73?35). Moreover, aprotein component with an active fragment of F-GOT has frequently been found in acertain globulin group3?35). Notwithstanding, that fraction has not yet been subjectedto a highly effective purification, because the problem of how to separate and purify itremains unsettled. In order to obtain a basic solution for this problem, it is necessary to?devise a method for systematic separation of blood plasma globulins.The present report deals with a method developed and introduced into practical, application by the author.The results of experiments with this method are summarized as follows.I. On the basis of the relations among several quantities listed in some tables, acomponent distinguishable by disc electrophoresis that had migrated to position 5-b wasobtained by subfractionation from the original fraction, IV-4, as fraction IV-4(d). It wasfound to be F-GOT. Moreover, one of the R-GPT samples existed among the conjugatedprotein components with the relative position, 6-a to b. This conjugated component wasobtained from the original fraction, IV-l, as fraction IV-1(f).2. These components were found to be globulin with the same relative position asgamma.-globulins by the use of cellulose acetate electrophoresis"9?33). This result was thesame as obtained from components 4-b and c36).These data lend support to the conclusion that a few gammax-globulins are constantlypresent in fowl blood plasma and that their fractionation can be carried out. It is im-portant to test tavailable are carried only by the GOT group. It became evident that components 5-band 4-c were derixzed from the reaction of transamination with F-GOT and R-GOT, respectively.If relations among several isozymes of R-GPT or CRT-ase36?37) are examined, it willbe noted that the carriers of these isozymes are evenly distributed among several compo-nents obtained from albumin and globulins. This does not necessarily mean, however, all the isozymes show the same distribution.As mentioned above, on certain reverse transaminases, especially those of the R-GPTgroup, these isozymes seem to have an important action. This considration is ttseful, especially when the physiological function of the GPT group is studied.For this reason, it is interesting to obtain more detailed information on this aspectfrom future investigation.

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An experimental Bordetella bronchiseptica infection was carried out by usingcolostrum-fed conventional piglets at 5 or 6 days of age. They were inoculated intra-nasally with either B. bronchiseptica culture or emulsified suspension of turbinate bonefrom a naturally infected pig, and subjected to bacteriological, serological and pathological examinations. The results obtained are as follows.Clinical signs were seen in all the infected piglets though transiently. B. bronclziseptica became established within a week after instillation into the nasal cavities of thepiglets, being undetectable at 22 to 23 weeks of age. The titers of maternal antibodies ittpiglets were shown to be l : 320 at 5 days of age, declining l : 10 or less at 8 weeks ofage when a significant immune response to B. bronchiseptica infection became detectable.At autopsy, turbinate atrophy was observed macroscopically in only 5 of 10 pigletsinoculated with B. bronchiseptica.No specific nasal lesion was produced irn piglets inoculated with an emulsified suspen-sion of turbinate bone from a naturally infected piglet containing no Bordetellaorganisms.Within a week after exposure to carrier animals, B. bronchiseptica became establishedin the nasal cavities of 13- to 18-week-old piglets, showing significant antibody titers butno turbinate atrophy.

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Three cows with hypomagnesemic tetany were studied patlaologically and one ofthem was electron microscopically. This disease occurred in 2 pastures in Iwate Prefec-Cure, Japan, in the spring and fall of 1971.Degenerative changes of vascular walls were remarkable in muscular tissues all overthe body. They were characteristic of the disease in question. At the same time, thedposition of calcium salts was demonstrated on soft tissues, such as splenic trabeculae, arterial walls, and muscle fibers.Besides, fresh local hemorrhages were recognized in organs and tissues of the wholebody and fresh local coagulation necroses in pareutchymatous organs.The pathological lesions of the disease reported by previous workers were not alwaysapparent in the present study. Some discussion was made comparatively on the resultsobtained from the present study.

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The present investigation was carried out to make clear the developmental processof reticulo-rumen motility and the effects of feed components, especially dry matter, andvolatile fatty acids in the rumen on the development of reticulo-rumen motility incalves. In it, changes in intrareticulo-ruminal pressure were recorded from rumen-fistulated Holstein calves receiving several substances. Rumen contractions were ob-served in intact calves by auscultation, palpation, and ocular inspection on the surfaceof the left paralumbar fossa.The results obtained are summarized as follows.l) Five grades of reticulo-rumen motility were distinguished in the developmentalprocess of this motility in calves; that is, (I) contraction was recorded neither from thereticulum nor from the rumen, (II) reticulum contractions were only recorctea, (III)reticulum contractions and A-type rumen contractions were observed, (IV) A-type andB-type contractions were recorded, with B-type rumen contractions rarely observed, and(V) A-type and active B-type rumen contractions were recorded at the same rate as inthe adult.2) In calves allowed to have whole milk, hay, and grain ad libitum, B-type contrac-Lions at the adult level (Grade V) were recorded at 3 to 10 weeks of age. In each of the calves, the developmental degree of these contractions was related to the dry matteu-intake and the volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen.3) In calves given whole milk alone, no stable rumen contraction was obserxzed(Grade II) during the whole period of the experiment, 4) In calves given whole milk orally and plastic sponge intraruminally, the develop-ment of reticulo-rumen motility reached Grade IV at 7, $9 weeks of age.5) In calves given whole milk orally and volatile fatty acid solution (pH 6) intra-ruminally, the development of reticulo-rumen motility reached Grade IVsV at 10 weeksof age.6) In calves given a volatile fatty acid solution and plastic sponge intraruminally inaddition to whole milk provided orally, the development of reticulo-rumen motilityreached Grade V at 3 to 5 weeks of age.7) By means of auscultation, palpation, and visual inspection on the surface of theleft paralumbar fossa, B-type contractions at the adult level were observed at 5 to 6weeks of age in calves under normal feeding. It was a general tendency that the greaterdry matter intake, the earlier appeared B-type contractions at the adult level.8) From the results mentioned above, it can be considered that the development ofreticulo-rumen motility is concerned not only with the amount of dry matter intake butalso with the volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen. Consequently, it may beestimated that the development of reticulo-rumen motility is closely related to the de-velopment of fermentative activity in the rumen in calves.9) Ruminaion was already observed even when no cyclic reticulo-rumen contractioncould be noticed. It was also recorded in calves fed milk alone or milk plus volatile fattyacid solution. In the earliest stage of rumination, regurgitation with no diphasic con-traction of the reticulum was often observed.

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In adult mongrel dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital (nembutal was used), electro-myograms were recorded from nineteen different muscles located in the laryngo-ph;tryngeal region during the deglutition of food. Swallowing movement was reflexively evokedby a tactile stimulus which had been caused by a cotton swab applied to the dorsal wallof the pharynx. On the other hand, implanted electrodes were fixed in the pharyngealmuscles artd three selected places of the cervical esophageal muscles, so that electro-myograms could be recorded from these muscles during the deglutition of food given onthe 2nd day after operation.On the basis of the results obtained, the muscles investigated were classified into thefollowing five groups: the muscles of the tongue (lst group), those lining the dorsal wallof the pharynx (2nd group), those showing respiratory fluctuation during activity (3rdgroup), those adhering to the hyoid bone and laryngeal cartilage (4th group), and thoseused for mastication (5th group).The muscles of the lst, 2nd, and 3rd groups were thought to play a main role in thedeglutition of food according to the modality and stage of muscular action in the case ofcommencement and cease of their work.Modalities of activity of these leading muscles in the respective stage of degluutitionwere divided into the following stages: (l) before the commencement of swallowingmovement (Fig. 5-A), (2) a stage preparatory for deglutition (Fig. 5-B), (3) an activity stageof the tongue and pharyngeal muscles (Fig. 5-C), divided into (a) an opening stage of thecommunicating region between tlae pltarynx and esophagus, and (b) a removing stage ofthe bolus to the pharyngo-esophageal region, and (4) an esophageal stage (Fig. 5-D).Schematical explanation was given on the relationship between muscular activityand the location of a bolus in the oral cavity, laryrngo-esophageal cavity, or esophaguswhen swallowing movement was contiutuous.

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Histopathological investigation was carried out on the muscles of six swines origi-nated from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) swine and inoculated intradermally with Erysipelo-thrix insidiosa. Degenerative changes were demonstrated in most skeletal muscles of allthe cases, in the Iaeart muscle of four cases, and in the smooth muscle of the small in-testine of one case. The changes were the severest in skeletal muscle, especially in mm.femoris, mm. extremitatis thoracicae liberae, and mm. abdominis. Waxy changes weresometimes followed by fibrosis, calcification, and regeneration of muscle fibers. Vascularalterations and some toxic or mechanical effects of bacteria would be important in tlteInistopathogenesis of muscular degeneration.

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