Seven adult goats were used to study the deglutition movement electro-myographically. Electromyograms were recorded from 17 muscles during natural eatingand from 22 ones under anesthesia. A pair of enamel-covered copper wires (140 7zm in diameter) were used as electrodes. Eight or nine electromyograms were recorded simultaneously at a time constant of 0.001 second. The typical pattern of electromyogram duringeating did not differ from that under anesthesia. The five lingual muscles started theiractivities simultaneously at the same time with the beginning of degltutition. They madethe tongue protrude dorsally and caudally, and the tongue pushed the bolus into thepharynx. On the other hand, the hyoid apparatus, the upper part of the esophagus, andthe larynx were pulled up toward the oral cavity by the lingual muscles.In these conditions, the six pharyngeal muscles contracted in order and transported thebolus into the esophagus. The process of deglutition was almost the same in goats asin dogs.

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Serum samples were collected from 90 dogs with various symptoms ofdirofilariasis (filariasis) and analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (electrophoresis)to obtain the percentage composition (relative proportion) of serum lipoprotein fractions.The concentrations (mg/dZ) of these fractions were calculated in 50 of them. The resultswere compared between filarial dogs and normal ones. The percentage composition andconcentrations of serum lipoprotein fractions in filarial dogs varied with the stage and alsowith the intensity of the disease. Those in subclinically infected dogs were statisticallyinsignificant, as compared with those in normal dogs. In mild and serious groups of infec-tion, the serum pre-, e-lipoprotein and 7v-lipoprotein fractions incrcased (P<0.01), as com-pared with those of normal group. There was no significant difference in the concentrationsof these fractions between mild and serious groups. The serum a-lipoprotein fraction wassignificantly lower (P<0.01) in concentration in the serious group than in the mild group.In many advanced cases, the electromigration velocity (mobility) of the pre-7v-lipoproteinfraction increased. These findings could be considered to be clinically significant, sincethey were available as auxiliary means for the identification of the stage of filarnasis.

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The semen from a Landrace boar which contained 13 -60% of the sharp folding deformity, called "hairpin curved sperm", was investigated on the inner structure.Inside of the serial plasma membrane, the folding characteristically occurred at the caudalarea of the middle piece, average 10th of the mitochondrial profile from the annulus(Jensens ring). In the cross section, a pear-shape profile containing a cut surface of themiddle piece and a principal piece which showed an opposite direction of the axonemalconstruction occurred. The possible etiology of this deformity was briefly disscused inthis report.

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An increase in heart rate and no changes in respiratory rate and body tem-perature were observed in lnealthy dogs during ketamine anesthesia. As compared withthese dogs, bled dogs showed a low degree of increase in heart rate, a significant decreasein respiratory rate, and no change in body temperature during ketamine anesthesia. Inbled dogs, hematocrit; hemoglobin, and serum protein values remained unchanged duringketamine anesthesia, but increased at recovery. On the other hand, they decreased duringketamine anesthesia. In healthy dogs no acid-base balance was appreciably affected byadministration with ketamine. After bleeding, however, mild mixed acidosis was inducedby administration with ketamine. In phlebotomized dogs, ketamine anesthesia prolongedthe duration of anesthesia by about 15 minutes and produced more remarkable adverseeffects than in non-bled dogs after anesthesia. A few days after recovery from ketamineanesthesia following bleeding, vigor and good appetite were restored in the animals.It was concluded that administration with ketamine hydrochloride (30 mg per kg ofbody weight) to dogs after bleeding of such amount of blood as equivalent to 2 percentof body weight might be safe, but that due consideration should be given on the respira-tory function and the dosage of the drug.

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Two simian cell lines, JINET and vero, were inoculated with infectiouscanine hepatitis virus at a variety of input multiplicity. The viral effects observed onthem were compared with those on primary dog kidney cells. Infected cell cultures andrecovered viruses were subjected to serial passages.In JINET cells, virus titer remained constant without showing an increase. None ofinclusion body and hemagglutinating and complement-fixing antigens were detected.Cytopathic effect occurred only when virus of high input multiplicity was inoculated.Immunofluorescent viral antigen was visible in a small number of cells. In vero cells, specifically fluorescent cells and infective viruses appeared at lower levels than in JINETcells, and no other changes associated with the virus infection were detected. Comparisonof surface morphology was made by scanning electron microscopy among the three kindsof cell cultures. It revealed that patterns for every degree of cytopathic changes corre-sponded to those described above.

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Three cases of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) were reported. Histological examination disclosed mucosal lesions which were intensively affected at .zpperalimentary canal and characterized by necrosis of mucosaJ layer with erosion and ulcerationas well as mononuclear cell infiltration at propria and submucosa, systemic vascular lesionscharacterized by polyarteritis with mononuclear cell proliferation at adventitial region, focal fibrosis of muscular tissues with histiocytic cells, mononuclear cell infiltration atinterstitial tissues of parenchymatous organs of the whole body, capillarization at substancia propria of the corneas, destruction of mature lymphocytes in lymphatic tisstzes, andnon-suppurative encephalitis. Electron microscopy on intranuclear structures of parietalcells of the abomasum revealed granular or lattice-like structures whiclt were consideredas products of metabolic disorder due to viral affection. Discussion was made on somediseases similar to MCF in clinico-anatomical features, and the significance of systemichistopathologic examination was stressed.

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Soditum and potassium levels of parotid saliva were measured in sheep before, during and after eating in sodium depleted and repleted status. In sodium depletion, salivary sodium level was lower and potassium level higher than in sodium repletionEating caused a large decrease in salivary sodium lexel and a marked increase in potas-sium level. These levels returned to Line initial levels within 5 hours after eating. Insodium repletion, eating caused a progressive increase in salivary soditum level, but exertedlittle influence upon potassium level.

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Kinetical analysis on the self-control mechanism of corticoid-induced F-GOTgave the following results.Corticoid-induced F-GOT might be one of K class allosteric enzymes and a typical ex-ample of oligomeric enzyme. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction of the forward directionin the presence of L-aspartate and a-ketoglutarate for the following three reasons:(a) F-GOT, particularly homotropic one showing positive cooperativity, shows asigmoid curve in relation to the initial steady-state velocity (Vi) to substrate concentra-tion ([S]), rather than a rectangular hyperbola to be expected from the Michaelis-Mentenrelationship. Apparently, the allosteric transition is also recognized in a cturve of doublereciprocal (Lineweaver-Burk) plot of Vi vs. [S], (b) F-GOT responds to a positive modula-tor with a change in apparent Km(:[84 ;), but without a change in maximum velocity(V=..). This fact proves it to be K enzyme, and (c) Desensitized allosteric F-GOT whichhas lost its previous sensitivity to modulators shows normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics.In this case, a change in V.... in response to the substrate without a change in Michaelisconstant (Km:[5]..), is recognized. This fact proves the catalytic site to be the V form.Such sites are similar to one another. The following consideraiton is put forth: Funda-mentally, F-GOT at a normal steady-state level may exist in a desensitized form ofallosteric F-GOT which has been released by corticoid treatment during the period ofsecondary adaptable responses.Although an excess in substrate resulted in an inhibition of the enzyme activity, thesigmoidal inhibitory curve showed that the kinetic characteristic was not necessarily thesame among enzymes, including an atypical one. It was considered that each enzymemight have been affected differently with its substrate by virtue of its own characteristics.

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Toxicological studies were carried out on lnexavaleutt and trivalent chrommiumcompounds with the monolayer cultures of IIeLa and rat embryonic cells. The cells werepreincubated in Eagles minimum essential medium at 37C for one day. Then thismedium was changed for a fresh one containing a given concentration of the chromiumcompound to be tested. The cells were incubated further at 37C for 3 days. After theywere exposed to the chromium, the fifty per cent inhibitory dose (10..) for cell growthwas determined. The values of 10, . (pg/ml of the medium) obtained with the hexavalcntform in the culture of HeLa cells were: Na, Cr0)-4H.0, 0.34; K.Cr.O.?2H.0, 0.58; Na.Cr.0., 0.64; K.Cr0., 0.70; and CaCr0.-2H.0, 0.78. Those with the trivalent form were; Cr(C.0.)., 4.0; Cr(CH.C00).-H.0, 52.0; Cr(NO.).-9H.0, 720; CrC1., 1030; and rBrC., 1500. Those inthe culture of rat embryonic cells were approximately the same as those in that of HeLacells. The results mentioned above suggested that hexavalent chromium compoundsmight be more toxic than trivalent ones. The range of 10, . obtained witln the formerwas narrow, but that obtained with the latter was considerably wide. Cytomorphologicalexamination revealed that all the hexavalent compounds and chromic oxalate of thetrivalent compounds had produced polynuclear cells and irregularity in the size of celland/or nucleus. Some other trivalent compounds, however, produced spindle-shapedcells, but none of the changes mentioned above.

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