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Yuji TAKAHASHI, Yasumasa KIDO, Masayuki NAOI, Ei-ichi KOKUE
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
179-183
Published: 1985
Released on J-STAGE: February 13, 2008
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Residual levels of orally administered gentamicin (GM) in the calf kidney were serially determined using the renal biopsy technique. Twelve male calves were given GM per os 1 mg(potency)/kg of body weight twice a day for a week. Three calves were used for serial biopsy which was carried out at 3 hr and 3, 10 and 15 days after the final drug administration. Two calves were sacrificed to collect the kidney samples at each time mentioned above. The renal GM concentration was determined with gentamicin RIA kit, with which more than 95% of GM added was recovered from the renal tissue in vitro and the concentration less than 0.05 μg(potency)/g was detectable in 20 mg of the tissue sample. There was no difference between the renal concentration of GM in the biopsied samples and the samples from the animals sacrificed immediately after the biopsy. The time courses of the decrease in renal drug concentrations were monoexponential in both the serially biopsied samples and the samples from the sacrificed animals. These results suggested that the biopsy technique might have a value for prediction of the withdrawal time of drugs in the food producing animals.
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Takatsugu YAMADA, Isamu TOMODA, Kazuya USUI
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
185-191
Published: 1985
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Fluorescent antibody tests were performed on the mucosal tissues of cats of various age for observation of immunoglobulin (Ig)-positive cells. IgG-positive cells, IgA-positive cells and IgM-positive cells were observed in the respiratory mucosa of 11-day-old to 3-month-old kittens. In the respiratory mucosa of kittens older than 6 months, IgA-positive cells were predominant with a few IgM-positive cells and a few IgG-positive cells. Both IgG- and IgM-positive cells were in larger numbers than IgA-positive cells in the intestinal mucosa in 11-day-old to 28-day-old kittens. Though IgA-positive cells predominated, considerable numbers of IgG- and IgM-positive cells were observed in the intestinal mucosa of cats older than 8 months of age. The appearance of IgA-positive cells occurred earlier in the respiratory and intestinal mucosa, and mesentric lymph nodes than in the spleen. Although the present investigation has been largely limited to a small number of animal, we argue that the distribution of Ig-positive cells in various tissues may be affected by age, and that the respiratory mucosa and intestinal mucosa differed remarkably from each other in the distribution of Ig-positive cells.
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Kiwao TAKAHASHI, Yuji KONO
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
193-200
Published: 1985
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An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (BLV) was developed by using BLV antigens purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Serum adsorption tests with glycoprotein (gp) and protein (p) antigens of BLV revealed that the ELISA detected antibodies to both gp and p antigens. The method has higher senitivity than the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and virus neutralization (VN) tests, and detected antibodies to BLV earlier than the AGID test in cattle infected experimentally with BLV. Comparison between ELISA and AGID test for detecting antibodies to BLV using 1060 sera collected from BLV-infected herds revealed that all AGID-positive sera (446) reacted positively by ELISA and 21 (3.4%) and 33 (5.4%) sera which were negative by the AGID test were positive and equivocal, respectively, by ELISA. Most of these positive sera were also positive in the VN test. Advantages of ELISA system were discussed in comparison with the AGID tests.
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Katsumi KUME, Toyotsugu NAKAI, Akira SAWATA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
201-206
Published: 1985
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Protective effect of an inactivated Al (OH)
3 gel-absorbed vaccine prepared from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (Hpn) serotype 2 strains was investigated. About 80% of the pigs injected intramuscularly with the Hpn vaccine survived the intratracheal challenge with the homologous strain. Localized hemorrhagic lesions were observed in the lungs of the surviving pigs. From the lesions, a few organisms were constantly recovered. No septicemia was observed in these pigs. In contrast, severe hemorrhagic lesions were observed in the lungs of all the dead pigs, and numerous organisms were recovered from the lung, the heart blood, and the peritoneal fluid. The Hpn vaccine was effective to prevent the death caused by Hpn septicemia, and the protective potency of the vaccine can be estimated by the surviving rate of the injected pigs. Since the level of the complement-fixation (CF) antibody titers significantly correlated to the protection rate defined by the surviving rate, the CF test might be applicable for evaluating the protective potency of the Hpn vaccine.
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Masamine AIUCHI, Kenichi KOBAYASHI, Fumie UTSUMI, Sadashige SAKUMA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
207-216
Published: 1985
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The choroid plexus in the N-methylnitrosourea (MNU)-induced dysgenetic hydromicrocephalic rat offsprings was examined morphologically at the ages of 1, 3, 12, and 27 weeks. Hydromicrocephalus became more severe with advanced age, and apparent desquamation of choroidal cells and interstitial edema were first detected at the age of 12 weeks. At the age of 27 weeks, a decrease in number and size of choroidal cells and remarkable edematous widening of the interstitium were noticed. Ultrastructually, at the age of 3 weeks, the choroidal cells with decreased or irregularly distributed nuclear chromatin and narrower cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum were prominent. At the luminal surface of these cells, microvilli were anomalous in number and size, and intercellular spaces were slightly dilated. In the interstitium there were distention of perivascular spaces and increase in number of pinocytotic vesicles in the capillary endothelium. At the age of 12 weeks degenerated choroidal cells showed irregular distribution of nuclear chromatin and had a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum showing short tubular structures. Microvilli were severely destructed into membraneous and fused forms. Membraneous or floccurent materials were present in markedly dilated Golgi saccules and intercellular spaces. In the interstitium, prominent dilatation of perivascular spaces and flattened capillary endothelial cells were observed. These findings suggest that excessive leakage of blood plasma through the choroidal epithelium into the lumen and reduction of reabsorptive function of choroidal cells are important for the cause of the hydrocephalus.
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Masanori TAJIMA, Takeshi YAGIHASHI, Tetsuo NUNOYA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
217-223
Published: 1985
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The collapse of the capsular glycocalyx was effectively prevented, when tissue blocks from the pneumonic lungs of pigs infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae or the tracheas of chickens infected with M.gallisepticum were treated with respective specific antisera before fixation and staining with ruthenium red. The antisera prepared against different mycoplasma species and preimmune sera had no stabilizing effects on the capsular glycocalyces. The stabilized capsules of M.hyopneumoniae extended for approximately 125 nm outside the limiting membrane and were 3 times thicker and less dense than those of cells not treated with specific antiserum or cells exposed to heterologous antiserum or preimmune serum. The thickness of the stabilized capsules of M.gallisepticum measured about 40 nm, whereas that of untreated capsules was about 20 nm. In both mycoplasma species, the capsules appeared to consist of fibrillar elements, seemingly being radially oriented, and fine granular material. The capsular material extended to spaces separating mycoplasmal cells from each other and from the epithelial surface, and seemed to play an important role in the colonization of the respiratory tract of pigs or chickens. In the case of M.gallisepticum, however, the terminal bleb was considered to be the primary attachment factor.
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Ryo OGAWA, Motoyoshi SATO, Tuneo HIROSE, Naoyoshi SUZUKI
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
225-236
Published: 1985
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Toxoplasma Lysate antigen (TLA), mouse Babesia lymphokines (B-LKs) and mouse Toxoplasma lymphokines (Tp-LKs), were used to examine the effect of immune adjuvant in reducing clinical symptoms of Babesia rodhaini infection in mice. Normal mice were treated twice at an interval of two weeks with an emulsion of TLA in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (TLA emulsion), or a combination of TLA emulsion and B-LKs or Tp-LKs. Two weeks after the second treatment, these mice were infected with B. rodhaini (10
2 parasitized erythrocytes/mouse, i.p.). Thirty five point seven percent (5/14, number of survivals/number examined) of mice treated with TLA emulsion, 53.3% (8/15) of mice treated with a combination of TLA emulsion and B-LKs, and 73.3% (11/15) of mice treated with a combination of TLA emulsion and Tp-LKs, survived for more than 20 days postinfection. None of the mice in the non-treated control group survived for more than 12 days postinfection. The defence mechanisms possibly involved in the group treated with TLA emulsion and combination of TLA emulsion and Tp-LKs, were examined with respect to macrophage activation. Mice treated with TLA emulsion showed a slight increase of leukocyte count, and O
2 release of macrophages. The activity of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) of spleen cell culture supernatant and serum was not increased in this group. The mice treated with a combination of TLA emulsion and Tp-LKs showed increased MIF activity and greater macrophage phagocytosis. These results suggest that treatment with TLA emulsion and a combination of TLA emulsion and B-LKs or Tp-LKs induces a degree of immunity in the host against Babesia infection, and that macrophage activation is part of this defence mechanism.
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Azusa SEKI, Mitsuo ABE
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
237-249
Published: 1985
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Structural details of the sheathed artery, arterial capillary and splenic sinus of the spleen were comparative-morphologically studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in the rat, cat, dog, pig, horse and cow. The network of the sheathed artery contained platelets and erythrocytes, but no other blood cells, except for macrophages in the dog. Slits with a diameter of 1-3 μm were found between the endothelial cells in all species except for the dog. The terminal portions of the arterial capillaries were sack-shaped in the rat, dog, pig and horse, and were funnel-shaped in the cow. These portions had small pores communicating with the cordal spaces. Some arterial capillaries opened into the splenic cords in the rat, but opened directly into the sinuses in the others. The endothelial cells of the sinus were rod-shaped in the rat, dog and cow, but flat stellate-shaped in the cat and horse, and in the pig they were of both types. The walls of the sinus had slits through which blood cells and macrophages passed from the sinusal lumen to the cordal space or vice versa. Reticular cells toughed on the outside of the endothelial cells of the sinus.
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Tamotsu SHIGEHISA, Tatsuyoshi NAKAGAMI, Shiro TAJI, Genji SAKAGUCHI
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
251-257
Published: 1985
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Beef was inoculated internally and externally with three-serotype salmonellae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Dry roasting of the beef was conducted in a convection oven at 110, 120, and 130°C. Beef roasts were removed at internal temperatures of 52, 54, and 57°C. None of salmonellae, E.coli, or S.aureus inoculated was detected from the beef roasts cooked to an internal temperature of not lower than 57°C at an oven temperature higher than 120°C. These beef roasts were judged to be organoleptically acceptable. The present study may indicate that reasonable cooking procedures for commerical production of pre-cooked roast beef are feasible.
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Tamotsu SHIGEHISA, Tatsuyoshi NAKAGAMI, Shiro TAJI
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
259-267
Published: 1985
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Spore germination, growth and survival of Clostridium perfringens during heating and/or cooling were examined. The spores in media (FTM or ground beef) were exposed to rising temperature from 20 to 60°C at increment rates of 7-25°C/h or to falling temperature from 60 to 15 or 10°C at decrement rates of 5 to 25°C/h. Roast beef was prepared with various muscles inoculated with the spores. Although germination and growth occurred while heating, the vegetative cells were killed at 60°C in media and in roast beef. During exposure to falling-temperature rates of 25 to 15°C, no change in the population was observed; multiplication of not more than 10-fold at 10°C/h and exponential multiplication at 7.5 and 5°C/h were observed. Roast beef prepared with gluteus, semitendinosus, or halved semitendinosus muscle did not support any growth of C.perfringens during cooling/chilling. That prepared with the whole muscles of semimembranosus supported some growth, but it did not surpass the inoculum size.
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Katsumi KUME, Toyotsugu NAKAI, Akira SAWATA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
269-273
Published: 1985
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Protective effect of an inactivated vaccine prepared from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (Hpn) serotype 2 strains was investigated. About 80% of the guinea pigs injected intramuscularly with the Hpn vaccines survived the intraperitoneal (IP) or intratracheal (IT) challenge exposure with the homologous strains. The survived animals had at least 1:16 of the complement-fixation (CF) antibody titers. The challenge-exposed organisms were completely cleared from the various tissues and organs of the survivals, and their lungs appeared to be normal. In contrast, all the dead guinea pigs which had less than 1:16 of the CF titers showed severe extensive hemorrhagic lesions in the lungs, and numerous organisms were recovered from the lung, the heart blood, and the peritoneal fluid of each dead guinea pig. Protective potency of the Hpn vaccine could be estimated by the surviving rate of the injected guinea pigs, in addition to this, the protection rate significantly correlated to the level of the CF antibody titers. There were no differences in protection rate either among the 5 challenge strains or between the IP and IT exposure routes. Guinea pigs, instead of pigs, might possibly be applicable as a suitable experimental model for evaluating protective potency of the Hpn vaccine.
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Akio SHIGA, Kazushi ABE, Shuichi HAMAMOTO, Masaaki KEINO, Kenji TSUKAM ...
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
275-283
Published: 1985
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An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of age, milking and season on Mg, Ca and Pi metabolisms of cows in the northern part of Iwate Prefecture where cows often suffered from hypomagnesemia or hypocalcemia. Most of the old milking cows suffered from hypomagnesemia in June and October when the average diurnal variation in temperature was the largest. This group always showed a lower serum Mg concentration than the young milking cows. On the relationship between serum and urine concentration of Mg, significant exponential regressions were obtained by age, milking and season. Serum Pi concentration was significantly higher in the warm period than in the cold period in 4 of the 5 groups. Urine concentration ratios of Ca and Pi to creatinine were within a certain range in most of milking cows. In a part of the old milking cows, however, the urine Ca concentration ratio changed over the certain range. Exceptionally high urine Ca or Pi concentration was observed in the cows just after parturition. There was a significant positive correlation between average serum Mg and Ca concentrations in the young non-milking cows and the old milking cows and there was a significant negative correlation between average serum Ca and Pi concentrations in the young milking cows. These results suggest that the old milking cattles with their declined renal function might suffered from hypomagnesemia due to the deficiency of Mg intake, and that a sudden increase in the diurnal variation of the environmental temperature might enhance the urine Mg excretion rate.
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Tatsuo OHYA, Masanori KUBO, Hiroshi WATASE
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
285-294
Published: 1985
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Campylobacter species were isolated from 93 (48.4%) out of 196 pigs in which proliferative enteritis (PE) was detected at an abattoir in Kagoshima City. Three species of Campylobacter were identified as Campylobacter sputorum ssp. mucosalis (CSM), Campylobacter hyointestinalis (CHI) and Campylobacter coli (CCO) on the basis of biochemical characteristics. From 51 specimens (54.9%) CSM was isolated, CHI was from 23 specimens (24.7%) and CCO was from seven specimens (7.5%). From nine specimens (9.6%) CSM and CHI were isolated simultaneously. Simultaneous isolation of CSM and CCO, and that of CHI and CCO were seen in one (1.1%) and two specimens (2.2%), respectively. Viable bacterial count per gram of affected mucosa ranged 10
4 to 10
8 CFU. More than 80% of the positive specimens were involved in the range of 10
6 to 10
8 CFU. The presence of four different serovars of CSM in addition to serovar A was suggested. Strains other than serovar A had narrow range of growth temperature around 37°C and their growth was inhibited by the presence of triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Forty-five sera of pigs bred in three farms, where CSM and CHI were thought to be prevailing, were subjected to the agglutination test to determine antibody titers against CSM and CHI. Twenty-one pigs had high agglutinin titer of more than 1:80 against CSM. On the other hand, only 2 pigs had high titer against CHI.
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Takashi HIRAMUNE, Naoya KIKUCHI, Ryo YANAGAWA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
295-296
Published: 1985
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CAMP test was applied to strains of bovine urinary corynebacteria. All 63 strains of C.renale examined showed positive reaction, but 58 strains of C.pilosum and 82 of C.cystitidis revealed negative reaction without exception. The results indicate that application of CAMP test is useful for presumptive differentiation of C.reanle and other bovine urinary corynebacteria.
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Tetsuro MINAMI, Terushi NAKANO, Shinya SHIMIZU, Kameo SHIMURA, Toru FU ...
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
297-300
Published: 1985
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Twelve splenectomized calves infected with Theileria sergenti were treated with naphthoquinones (parvaquone or 720C) or imidocarb. Both parvaquone and 720C gave a good anti-intraerythrocytic piroplasm activity with no side effects. 720C appeared to be more effective than parvaquone. In the imidocarb treated calves, however, there were irregular responses and treatment with more than 6 mg/kg resulted in some side effects. In 4 calves treated with a single dose of 2.5-10 mg/kg of 720C, parasitemia fell to nil during the 9 days after treatment and no piroplasms were detected for the next 16-40 days.
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Kazuyuki KITAMURA, Akira YASOSHIMA, Hitoshi O. IWASAKI, Kunio DOI, Azu ...
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
301-304
Published: 1985
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The livers of the male ddY mice having received repeated intraperitoneal injections of sterile swine serum were examined pathologically. The characteristic changes were eosinophilic and homogeneous or needle-shaped materials in the cytoplasm of biliary epithelial cells. Electron microscopically, the homogeneous material appeared moderately electron dense and amorphous being deposited in remarkably dilated rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, while the needle-shaped one was quadrate in overall shape showing striated crystalline arrays at high magnification.
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Soichi IMAI, Kishio HATAI, Masahiro OGAWA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
305-308
Published: 1985
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Chilodonella hexasticha (Kiernik, 1909) was first recorded in Japan from the gills of a discus, Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1940, which is one of the tropical aquarium fishes. From the morphology of this ciliate species by SEM, its pathogenicity was discussed.
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Akira SHIMIZU, Fumikazu KIMURA, Shige KIMURA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
309-311
Published: 1985
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From January 1981 to November 1982, a survey was made on the occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in the lungs of 14 kinds of animals in Japan. P.carinii was found in laboratory rats, laboratory mice, laboratory rabbits, wild rats (Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus), wild mouse, cattle, swine, chicken, quails and feral pigeons, but not in goats and guinea pigs and one specimen of golden mountain thrush.
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Katuki NAKAMURA, Ryo HARASAWA, Toshiharu SHINJO
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
313-316
Published: 1985
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Nine strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum biovars A, B, and C were examined for the presence of plasmid by agarose gel electrophoresis. Although none of biovars A and B possessed extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acids, all the strains of biovar C examined so far contained a single plasmid with a molecular weight of 118 megadaltons. This suggests the presence of plasmid may link to the biological variation in the F.necrophorum species.
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Shigenori IKEMOTO, Haruhiro YOSHIDA, Syuichi TSUCHIDA, Yukio SAKURAI, ...
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
317-320
Published: 1985
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Genetic polymorphisms of Ca, transferrin (Tf), postalbumin (Pa), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), esterase-D (EsD) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) loci were studied in samples of randomly chosen individuals from domestic cats. The gene frequencies were: Ca=0.052, ca=0.948, Tf
A=0.448, Tf
B=0.552, Pa
A=0.229, Pa
B=0.771, pgd
A=0.946, pgd
B=0.054, EsD
1=0.545, EsD
2=0.455, and PGM
1=1, respectively.
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Seiichi ARAKI, Mamoru KASHIWAZAKI, Tsuneo KUME
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
321-323
Published: 1985
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Amoxicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin, showed a strong antibacterial activity against S.aureus (64 strains), coagulase-negative staphylococci (93 strains), E.coli (61 strains), corynebacteria and streptococci isolated from bovine mastitis
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Hajime NAGAHATA, Kenichi TERASHIMA, Hiroshi NODA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
325-328
Published: 1985
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To identify and quantify bovine monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs), five procedures were used: neutral red-, latex- and yeast- ingestion methods, peroxidase staining and alpha naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) staining. The yeast ingestion method proved to be a simple and suitable procedure for discrimination between monocytes and lymphocytes. ANAE staining was also useful for identifying monocytes. Simultaneous application of phagocytosis of yeast and ANAE staining was the most reliable procedure for the identification of bovine monocytes.
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Sanenori NAKAMA, Mikio TANAKA, Naoaki GOTO, Takayoshi KOMATSU
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
329-332
Published: 1985
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A case of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) of a nine-year-old male Pomeranian dog was described. This case was considered to be induced by heat stroke directly with underlying elongated soft palate and tracheal collapse. By coagulation tests, severe decrease of fibrinogen and platelet, markedly prolonged PT and APTT, and increase of FDP were obtained. The dog showed collapse and hyperthermia followed by ecchymosis and bloody stool. Microscopically, PAS positive fibrin-like substance was recognized in the liver sinusoids and in the vessels of glomeruli and spleen.
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Hiroshi SENTSUI, Yuji KONO
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
333-335
Published: 1985
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Outbreaks of infectious disease, characterized by fever and occasionally by exanthema and edema, occurred in racehorses and breeding horses in Japan during the summer and autumn, 1983. According to the serological and virological tests, it was shown that the epidemics were caused by Getah virus infection. The viruses isolated from the blood of horses in two areas were found to be serologically identical with the Sakai strain of Getah virus isolated from a horse during an outbreak of the disease in 1978. Relationships between these two epidemics were discussed.
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Yoshihito KASHIWAZAKI, Yoshimitsu MAEDE, Shigeo NAMIOKA
1985 Volume 47 Issue 2 Pages
337-339
Published: 1985
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Transformation of apparently healthy bovine lymphocytes with phytohemagglutitin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) from peripheral blood in the perinatal period was observed. In multiparous dairy cows, lymphocyte incorporation of
3H-thymidine (
3H-TdR) decreased twice within 40 days after calving: the first one occurred within 10 days, and the second one was seen around 30 days after calving, respectively. This trend of decreasing was almost same in the transformation with PHA, ConA and PWM, respectively. On the other hand, the marked decreasing was seen once around 20 days after parturition in primiparous cows.
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