We have generated 3d transition metal (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) clusters by laser ablation in a low-pressure condensation source. The clusters were photoionized by an ArF excimer laser pulse and measured by a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. We observed doubly charged clusters and determined the minimum appearance sizes. The experimental results for the small clusters can not be explained by the metallic liquid droplet models since the d-valence electrons of the transition metals are localized within the atoms of the clusters and cause an anisotropic bonding.
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