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ISSN-L : 0559-8516
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Volume 50, Issue 5
Displaying 1-20 of 20 articles from this issue
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Special Issue 1: 22nd International Symposium on Discharge and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV)
Opening Ceremony Speech
Review
  • Localized and Delocalized Features of Microscopic Work Functions
    Masahiro SASAKI, Shigehiko YAMAMOTO
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 313-318
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.313
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      Highly localized and widely delocalized features of the microscopic work function have been observed on the basis of the local tunneling barrier height by means of scanning tunneling microscopy. The effect of work function reduction by Cs adsorption on Pt(111) extends over an area wider than tens of nanometers. On the other hand, the individual atoms on NiAl(110) show element-specific local work functions. These results indicate that the work function distribution can not be explained within the framework of electric dipoles induced by surface atoms, and that detailed features of wave functions should be taken into account.
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Articles
  • Dependence of the Light Emission Characteristics on the Ne Gas Pressure in an Electron-beam-pumped Light Source Using a Field Emitter
    Kazufumi SHIOZAWA, Yoichiro NEO, Morihiro OKADA, Hiroshi KUME, Takahir ...
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 319-323
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.319
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      The dependence of the light intensity on the gas pressure was investigated in an electron-beam-pumped-light source using a graphite nanoneedle field emitter, a Si electron-transparent film and a Ne gas. A spot-like light emission and a background light emission are observed in at a Ne gas pressure less than 0.4 atm, while the back ground light emission disappears and the light emission becomes a completely spot with increasing the gas pressure. These experimental results are explained by the Monte-Calro simulation of electron trajectories inside the gas cell. On the other hand, the light intensity almost saturates at a gas pressure of 0.4 atm and dose not increase with increasing the gas pressure. The Monte-Calro simulation suggests that the saturation of the light intensity is due to the increase of the excited Ne atoms losing their energy without light emission.
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  • Emission Characteristics of Graphite Nanofiber Field Emitter for Field Emission Display
    Mizumoto USHIROZAWA, Kei HAGIWARA, Toshihiro YAMAMOTO, Kuniyoshi YOKOO
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 324-327
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.324
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      Graphite nanofiber (GNF) is a field emission material consisting of intricately tangled nano-sized carbon fibers and has similar field emission characteristics to CNT. An important issue in achieving practical use of FED (field emission display) using carbon nano-materials is how to attain emission uniformity. With the objective of uniformity, field emission characteristics of GNF emitter were examined using a scanning Faraday cup emission profiler. The current density of emitted electrons changed considerably over the emitting area at a low field, as high as two orders in intensity in a measuring emitter area of 1 mm2. However, uniformity was significantly improved due to current saturation at a high field. This paper discusses the current saturation in field emission of GNF from the space-charge effect of emitted electrons.
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  • Local Adhesion of Diamond-Like Carbon Films Coated on Substrates in a Trench-shaped Cathode
    Masami OHNISHI, Hiroshi NOZAKI, Hodaka OSAWA, Kazushi MINAKI, Koichi K ...
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 328-331
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.328
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      A negative potential is applied to an object in plasma consisting of methane or acetylene in order to coat a thin solid film, such as DLC (Diamond-like Carbon), on a material surface. The method is called Plasma-based Ion Implantation (PBII). Since mechanical objects commonly possess complex shapes, it may be difficult to coat DLC on them in a uniform manner. This non-uniformity in thickness has been studied in many papers, and it has been reported that it is improved by applying a pulse potential repeatedly to the coated material. A scratch test defined the local adhesion of DLC coated by PBII attached at several places to SUS304 thin plates in a trench-shaped cathode. It has been found that the adhesion increases in strength in the following order: the sides of the plates, the bottom of the groove in a trench, and the top of a trench. In order to interpret these results, the hardness of films is measured by a nano-indenter, and the Raman spectra are examined.
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  • Investigation on Surface Insulation Strength of Machinable Ceramic Material under Pulsed Voltage in Vacuum
    Guan-Jun ZHANG, Wen-Bin ZHAO, Xin-Pei MA, Guang-Xin LI, Kui MA, Nan ZH ...
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 332-336
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.332
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      Ceramic material has been widely used as insulator in vacuum. Their high hardness and brittle property brings some difficulty in the application. A new kind of machinable ceramic was invented recently. The ceramic can be machined easily and accurately after being sintered, which provides the possibility of making the insulator with fine and complicated configuration. The paper studies its surface insulation performance and flashover phenomena under pulsed excitation in vacuum. The ceramic samples with different crystallization parameters are tested under the vacuum level of 10-4 Pa. The machinable ceramic behaves better surface insulation performance than comparative the Al2O3 and glass sample. The effect of crystallization level on the trap density and flashover current is also presented. After flashover shots many times, the surface microscopic patterns of different samples are observed to investigate the damage status, which can be explained by the thermal damage mechanism.
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  • Statistical Simulation on the Random and Retrograde Motion of Single Cathode Spot of Vacuum Arc
    Zongqian SHI, Jia XIAO, Shenli JIA, Yue ZHANG, Lijun WANG
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 337-340
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.337
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      In this paper, a two-dimensional statistical model for a single cathode spot of vacuum arc with copper cathode has been established to simulate its random walk and retrograde motion under external transverse magnetic field. A parameter, k, was used to denote the different probabilities of cathode spot motion in Amperes direction and retrograde direction. With this model, the distribution of the probability density of cathode spot occurring in different area on cathode surface was simulated at different arcing time.
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  • Research on Vacuum Arc Characteristics of a New Electrode Structure Applied in High Voltage Vacuum Interrupter
    Shaoyong CHENG, Shixin XIU, Jimei WANG, Zhengchao SHEN
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 341-344
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.341
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      In this paper the vacuum arc behaviors of the axial magnetic field (AMF) electrode with single coil structure were investigated at gap distance 10 mm and 40 mm respectively. And the axial magnetic field distribution was computed at 10 mm and 40 mm. A high-speed charge couple device (CCD) video camera was used as a major diagnostics to investigate the arc behaviors. At gap distance 10 mm, the vacuum arc maintained diffuse. With the gap distance increasing from 10 mm to 40 mm, the vacuum arc experienced constricted arc modes only in short time at beginning. In most of time, the vacuum arc kept diffuse. The test results proved that the AMF electrode with single coil structure was feasible to be applied in high voltage vacuum interrupter.
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  • Influence of Gap Distance on the Arc Behaviors of Slot Type Axial Magnetic Field (AMF) Electrode
    Shaoyong CHENG, Shixin XIU, Jimei WANG, Xing LI
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 345-348
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.345
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      In this paper the influence of gap distance on arc behaviors of slot type AMF electrode was investigated by a high-speed charge couple device (CCD) video camera at different gap distance of 10 mm and 20 mm respectively. The arc kept in diffuse arc modes while the amplitude of arc current reached 22.0 kA at gap distance of 10 mm. With the gap distance of 20 mm, the concentration of arc column near anode occurred while the amplitude of arc current was 14.0 kA. With the amplitude of arc current increasing, the duration time of the concentration of arc column near anode also increased at the same gap distance.
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  • Experimental Investigation on the Vacuum Arc Behaviors of the Axial Magnetic Field (AMF) Electrode with Single Coil Structure
    Shaoyong CHENG, Shixin XIU, Jimei WANG, Zhengchao SHEN
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 349-352
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.349
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      In this paper, the influence of arc current on vacuum arc behaviors of a new AMF electrode with single coil structure was investigated at long gap distance of 40 mm. A high-speed charge couple device (CCD) video camera was used to observe the arc behaviors. Two groups of arc modes were featured: 1) diffuse arc modes including multi-cathode spots arc, high current diffuse arc and high current diffuse column arc. 2) constricted arc modes including anode plasma jet with local concentration of many cathode spots and group of cathode spots (APJS), anode plasma jet with local concentration of many cathode spots, anode and cathode plasma jets (APJ), and intense arc mode. The vacuum arc behaviors under different amplitude of arc current were researched.
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  • A Surface Resistance Effect on the Fabrication of Dye-sensitized Solar Cell with Various Widths
    Jin-Young CHOI, Hyun-Woong Seo, Mi-Jeong KIM, Ji-Young SIM, Dong-Yoon ...
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 353-357
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.353
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      Sputter deposition followed by surface treatment was studied using reactive RF plasma as a method for preparing titanium oxide (TiO2) films on the FTO (fluorine doped tin oxide, SnO2: F) substrate for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Anatase structure TiO2 films deposited by reactive RF magnetron sputtering under the conditions of Ar/O2 (5%) mixing gas, RF power of 600 W and substrate temperature of 400°C were surface-treated by inductive coupled plasma (ICP) with Ar/O2 mixing gas at substrate temperature of 400°C, and thus the films were applied to the DSCs. We have chosen a solar cell width as a variable of a large-scaled DSCs and confirmed electric characteristics of an individual cell. As a result, the higher the internal resistance of DSC becomes, the wider the width gets. Internal resistance makes it difficult to collect photoelectron generated from dye. Ultimately up sizing DSC causes the increase of internal resistance and then has a bad effect on the cell characteristics.
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  • The New Design of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Adopted by Sputter Deposition of Counter Electrode
    Hee-Je KIM, Yong-Chul KIM, Im-Geun LEE, Ji-Tae HONG, Dong-Yoon LEE, Hy ...
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 358-361
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.358
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      The counter electrode widely used in DSCs (Dye-sensitized Solar Cells) is constructed of conducting glass substrates coated with Pt films, where the platinum acts as a catalyst. Pt counter electrodes in DSCs are one important component. It is expected that characteristics of Pt electrodes strongly depend on fabrication process and its surface condition. In this study, Pt counter electrode surface of DSC is deposited by RF sputtering under the conditions of Ar 6.7×10-1 Pa, RF power of 120 W and substrate temperature of 100°C. Surface morphology of Pt electrodes was investigated by FE-SEM and AFM. And this paper shows our recent results and technology to fabricate the new designed cell with Pt electrodes deposited by sputtering method. We have achieved fill factor 68% and photoelectric conversion efficiency around 2.6% as the best results of new designed DSCs structure.
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  • Glow Discharge Characteristics in Relation to Anode Size in Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion
    Hodaka OSAWA, Shigehisa YOSHIMURA, Takehiro TABATA, Masami OHNISHI
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 362-365
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.362
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      An Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion device is a very simple and safe neutron source that uses a glow discharge for deuterium-deuterium fusion. The discharge characteristics of the device were studied experimentally. The relationship between gas pressure and applied voltage was examined by light changes of the device's anode size. The gas pressure ranges in which the device was able to function effectively were differed. In the case of a larger anode (300 mm in diameter), the glow discharge occurred even under a relatively low pressure of 0.7 Pa and was very stable during a long period of neutron production. The characteristics of the gas pressure-neutron yield of different size anodes were also studied experimentally. At lower gas pressure, a greater neutron yield was obtained by a larger anode.
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  • Pressure Distribution and Pumping Delay Time in Short-Spacing Parallel Planes
    Yoshio SAITO, Y. SATO, Namio MATUDA
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 366-370
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.366
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      The two-dimensional pressure distribution and pump-down performance between two parallel planes having a short-distance were simulated by a Monte-Carlo method, assuming the cosine-law for desorbing molecules. The distribution results were compared with those calculated by a diffusion model. The surface hitting number per molecule was also counted, and the delay time of the pumping process was evaluated by multiplying the hitting number and the surface sojourn time. The experimental observation for the delay time was compared with the calculated ones.
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  • Reduction of Outgassing for Suppressing Electrical Breakdown in the Kicker Magnet of J-PARC RCS
    Junichiro KAMIYA, Michikazu KINSHO, Norio OGIWARA, Masaya KURAMOCHI, T ...
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 371-377
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.371
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      Extraction kicker magnets in the RCS of the J-PARC project are now under construction. They are pulse magnets with high charging voltage of 60 kV, which are installed in vacuum chambers. They mainly consist of aluminum alloy for the electrode plates and ferrites for the magnetic cores. Some structures of the magnet were improved to suppress discharge, and we thoroughly reduced the rate of outgassing from the components. The surface of the aluminum alloy was finished by pit-free electropolishing. Aluminum alloy and ferrites cores were baked under vacuum before construction of the magnet. They were each baked until water, which is the main outgassing component, was reduced. As a result, their outgassing rates were reduced by two or three orders of magnitude. The effect of the excitation of the magnet was examined. Outgassing of certain components increased with application of the high voltage. These components were reduced by repeated periods of continuous excitation.
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  • Secondary Electron Emission Measurement of Insulating Materials for Spacecraft
    Hiroaki MIYAKE, Kumi NITTA, Shinichiro MICHIZONO, Yoshio SAITO
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 378-381
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.378
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      We studied how to measure the secondary electron emission (SEE) of metal and insulating materials used for satellite thermal insulation or other such purposes. The SEE yields measurement is very important for analyzing charge accumulation on satellite surfaces due to the space environment because electron emission due to irradiated electrons influences the amount of surface charge. Therefore, we tried to measure the SEE yields.
      To measure SEE, we used an improved scanning electron microscope (SEM) system that has a beam-blanking unit and a Faraday cup. From this system, we can obtain the characteristics of the SEE yields from insulation materials irradiated by an electron beam with an energy of 600 eV to 5 keV.
      In this report, we introduce the SEE yields measurement results of reference materials (Au, Ag and quartz glass) and insulating materials. From those results, we discuss the characteristics of SEE that depends on each material. Furthermore, we also propose a future plan of SEE measurement for satellite materials.
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Regular Papers
Letters
  • Hardness Property of Cubic Boron Nitride Thin Films and Tool Applications by Cubic Boron Nitride Thin Films
    Masao NOMA, Eiji KOMATSU, Toshio TOKORO, Hiroaki OHNISHI, Keiji OGAWA, ...
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 382-385
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.382
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      We studied high performance of the Tools coated c-BN thin films. The tools coated c-BN depended on substrate power supply frequency for tool performance. The tools performance coated c-BN with substrate power supply frequency 13.56 MHz was 0.4 times compared with the tools coated TiAlN. The tools performance coated c-BN with substrate power supply frequency 100 kHz was 2.0 times compared with the tools coated TiAlN. Hardness of c-BN thin films depended on substrate voltage, the hardness changed from 2000 HK to 4500 HK. The tool performance of ball-end mill coated c-BN with 3000 HK was same to the tools coated TiAlN. The tool performance of ball-end mill coated c-BN with 4000 HK was 1.7 times compared with the tools coated TiAlN.
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  • Adsorption Structure of Glutaric Acid on Cu(110) Surface
    Shinjiro YAGYU, Michiko YOSHITAKE, Toyohiro CHIKYOW
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 386-389
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.386
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      We have investigated the adsorption structure of glutaric acid (HOOC-(CH2)3-COOH) on the Cu(110) surface as a function of sample temperature using Temperature programmed desorption (TPD), Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). At 400 K, glutaric acid adsorbs as a mono-glutarate (HOOC-(CH2)3-COO-) form corresponding to a structure of p(4×2). As the temperature increases to about 600 K, mono-glutarate changes to a bi-glutarate (-OOC-(CH2)3-COO-) corresponding to a structure of p(1×2). The bi-glutarate structure is stable until 600 K and then the desorption occurs.
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  • Development of Electron Beam Ion Source for Nanoprocesses II
    Makoto SAKURAI, Hiroyuki SAKAUE, Hirofumi WATANABE, Nobuyuki NAKAMURA, ...
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 390-393
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.390
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      An Electron beam ion source was developed for the application to nanoprocesses using highly charged ions. The ion source has been modified from the original design to approach the designed value of electron beam current, and presently the ion source can be operated with electron beam current up to 150 mA. Ion beam intensity of Arq+ with relatively lower charge states (q<13) exceeds 1 nA, however higher charge states are suppressed due to the presence of residual gases.
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  • Fabrication of TiB2 Dispersed Fe-Cr Composite Coatings by Low Pressure Plasma Spray and Evaluation of Its Property
    Masahiro FUKUMOTO, Takurou HAMADA, Motohiro YAMADA, Tosiaki YASUI
    2007 Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 394-397
    Published: 2007
    Released on J-STAGE: January 01, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3131/jvsj.50.394
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      MMC (Metal Matrix Composite) has been focused in recent years due to its high strength and wear resistance. Among the dispersion materials of MMC, Titanium Boride (TiB2) exhibits attractive properties in terms of high stiffness, high hardness and high corrosion resistance. Therefore, it can be used as protection coating of the structural components according to fabrication of thick coatings. In this study, fabrication of TiB2 dispersed Fe-Cr composite coatings was carried out by MA (Mechanical Alloying) method and LPPS (Low Pressure Plasma Spray). It was possible to fabricate TiB2 dispersed Fe-Cr powders by MA method. Furthermore, the thermal sprayed coatings sustained the dispersion structure. Micro Vickers hardness of the coatings increased with the TiB2 concentration in the coatings. However, FeCr-50 wt.% TiB2 exhibited quite low hardness. It was considered that the excess TiB2 made the microstructure of the coating porous. Therefore, fabrication of high hardness TiB2 dispersed Fe-Cr coatings was possible according to the selection of moderate TiB2 mixing ratio.
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