1. The ecological distribution of 391 bird and 162 mammal species of Europe is analyzed within seven major biotic formations.
2. Over half of the species of these animals live about equally in forests and waters, thus in relatively natural formations. There is some parallelism between the secular succession of formations and evolution of birds and mammals.
3. Birds are trophically bound in a lesser degree to their main (basic) formation and to one formation only, than are mammals. Generally, these animals show in their topic relations more of conservativism, than in their trophic relations. This last named is rather dynamic.
4. Forests, rocks and tundra are important mainly as habitats for shelter and home, while steppe, meadows and technocenoses are of mainly trophical importance, as feeding grounds. Waters are about equally important to both.
5. Forests and waters are about equally frequented, each of them equally as all the cultivated land (meadows, technocenoses) or as steppe, tundra and rocks together.
6. The movements between the formations, despite a certain trend, depend upon the presence, quality, affinity and mutual distance of the other, alternative formations. Some geographical variation in this is supposed.
7. Of the proportionality of the distribution of birds and mammals conclusions can be drawn from the proportionality of formations (and vice versa), as well as about the relative importance of the particular formations in any actual area.
8. Birds and mammals, as relatively mobile animals, do exchange materials and energy between formations, besides the functional aspect of this phenomenon.
9. The versatility of formations used and the movements between them are of importance for the maintenance, survival, intermingling and forming of new fauna-complexes of birds and mammals. These movements and alterations are of importance also for migration, speciation by adaptive radiation and in preventing ecogenetical isolation.
10. The ecological distribution over formations, versatility and replaceability of formations by and to birds and mammals, as well as their movements are significant to the spatial pattern, interference with animals and formations and, finally, in planning of landscape.

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1.この調査は1968年6月14日より6月21日まで,北海道石狩太美の鳥,特に.Emberiza属の繁殖期生活についておこなったものである。鳥の個体数,生活域,行動圏の大きさ,構造,分布について比較した。
2.調査地のEmberiza属はオオジュリン(E.schoeniclus),シマアオジ(E.aureola),ホオアカ(E.fucata),アオジ(E.spodocephala)の4種である。もっとも多いのはオオジュリン(1.6羽/ha.)であり,次はシマアオジ(0.6羽/ha.),ホオアカ(0.5羽/ha.)で,アオジは少ない(0.2羽/ha)。
3.調査地域の植物相はササ型,ススキ型,ヨシ型,ヤチヤナギ型,ブッシュ型にわけられ,Emberiza4種の分布が比較考察きれた。オオジュリンはブッシュ型を除いて,巾広い棲息域を持ち,シマアオジはササ型に,ホオアカはササ型とススキ型の混合地に,アオジはブッシュ型に限定される。
4.オオジュリン行動圏はササ型とススキ型の混合地からヨシ型に伸びており,前者に営巣して,後者に採食する。巣を中心にして囀鳴地域があり,song postは草本の莖に多い。行動圏の分布はいちじるしい集中部を持っていて,そこでは隣接巣との間隔が20m位である。集中部はルーズなコロニーであって,これより近接のヨシ型の採食地へ長楕円形に行動圏を伸展させている。各個体の採食地はわかれており,同一の♂と♀の間でも異なる。採食地でも♂の間に防衛行動が見られ,common feeding groundではない。
5.シマアオジ行動圏は大きい。♂の囀鳴地域は二分しており,1つは中央囀鳴地域で,巣の近くにあり,もう1つは出先き囀鳴地域で,巣から100-200mはなれ,隣接pairsの♂の出先き地域と接している。営巣地は丈の低いササ型の草原であって,song postは小灌木のトップである。接近した営巣も可能である。行動圏は大きくひろがり,隣接部では,たたかいやsong duelがしばしば認められる。
6.ホオアカ行動圏はススキ型とササ型の混合部にあり,丈の低い草原であるが,song postは小灌木のトップにある。オオジュリンとの重複はいちじるしいが,シマアオジとの重複はさけているようである。巣は間隔をあけて配列し,ルーズなコロニーはつくらない。囀鳴地域は巣を中心にしてできているが,小灌木を求めるため,オオジュリンのように集中しない。採食地はササ型と裸地の散在地であって,囀鳴地域と関係なく,また♂と♀と異なる。営巣地はオオジュリンと重複するが,採食地は全く異なる。
7.オオジュリン•コジュリン型の行動圏は,丈の高い草地での生活によって,圧縮可能であり,広大な採食地に接する部分ではルーズなコロニーを形成し得る。
8.ホオアカ•ホオジロ型の行動圏は間隔をあけて分散するもので,コロニーはできない。この点で生活域のちがいを通してオオジュリン•コジュリン型とは別の系統の分化を示したものと思える。
9.シマアオジはオオジュリンよりもホオアカに類似した生活域を要求しており,ホオアカとの間に競争があると考えられる。

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In January, 1968, nine bird censuses by random line transects were made through five different habitats on the hills of Mizonokuchi along the west side of Tamagawa River, s. w. of Tokyo. The five habitats were : low rice paddy areas narrowly stretched along the valley, dry cultivated fields on the hill, land for sale in plots on hill bordered by brushy thickets with a few trees, small old villages with some vegetation remaining at the lower slopes of the hill and mixed woods developed at the ends of valleys.
The census area covered some 2.5 km along NW-SE of the hill. The census was made 50-105 minutes during morning or afternoon and the time required to pass through each habitat was recorded so that relative bird densities could be expressed by No./per hour.
Analyses of relative abundance, habitat preference, "commonness", areal bird density, etc. were made by calculating the following ratios and indices (No. means the number of bird indivduals):
A. Occurrence rate in time…Frequency recorded/Total censuses (9 times) %
B. Occurrence rate in place…Number of habitats the species was recorded/Total number of habitat (5 habitats) %
C. "Commonness index"…³√A×B×Toal No. tallied of the species
D. Average number…Mean of numbers recorded in all habitats where the species occurred
E. Species dominance…No. tallied of a species /No. tallied of all species (%)
F. Relative species dominance…% of mean No. of a species relative to the mean No. ef the most numerous species which is regarded as 100
G. Index of abundance…√A(Occurrence rate in time)×D(Average number)
H. Density…No./per hour
I. Areal dominance…No. tallied for a habitat/No. tallied for habitats (%)
J. Relative areal dominance…% of total No. for a habitat relative to the habitat of the largest total No. which is regarded as 100
K. Areal density…No. per hour of all species in each habitat
L. Habitat preference rate… % of No. per hour of a species in a habitat/Total of No.per hour of this species in all habitats
M. Carrying rate of the habitat…No. of species recorded/No. of indivduals counted (%)
N. Carrying index of the habitat…√Tot. No. of species×Tot. No. of individuals
Based on these calculations, shown by Tables 1-9, bird faunae and carrying rates of five habitats were compared and the habitat preference of birds and habitat value as feeding or resting place, or cover, were considered for chief species, also in relation to their flocking or moving rates.
In all, 22 species were recorded of which the Tree Sparrow Passer montanus was most numerous in number using all five habitats and gathered on rice paddies with the preference rate of 48%, as a joint feeding place and were found scattered, with the rate 24%, in villages in small numbers, next prefering hill areas and least using wooded valleys. Its flocking rates in these habitats could be compared calculating: flock number, flock size, its range and mean x±δ, flocking rate (√range×x) and relative flocking rate (regarding the highest flocking rate as 100). Next common species was the Grey Starling Sturnus cineraceus with 100% occurrence rate in time but not using the plots of land for sale. Its chief preference as feeding place was wet rice paddics with the preference rate of 60% as compared with 10% for dry cultivated fields on the hill, and occurred 26% in the village using it as resting (and feeding when tree-berries were available) place. The bulbul Hypsipetes amaurotis widely moved except on the rice paddies and used village trees and valley woods with the preference rate of 30-32%, then plots of land for sale 27%, and sometimes used, with the rate 10%, cultivated hill to feed on buds of vegetables.

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調査は1965年11月から,1966年1月までに,キジ,ヤマドリの生態分布及び食性を明らかにするために仙台市周辺及び,秋田県北秋田郡田代町周辺で行なった。
冬期,キジ,ヤマドリの生息場所及び生息範囲は,対照的であるが,その分布はかなりオーバラップしている。すなわち,仙台市周辺では,キジの生息範囲はかなり広いが,ヤマドリは主に山地に限られ,一方田代町周辺ではヤマドリの分布範囲が広く,キジは主に米代川沿に多く分布し,さらに,キジの個体数は,仙台市周辺の方が,田代町周辺より多いように思われる。
捕獲した鳥は,キジが仙台市周辺で12個体,田代町周辺で2個体,岩手県で1個体で,計15個体,一方ヤマドリは,仙台市周辺で4個体,田代町周辺で1個体の計5個体で,それぞれについての食性調査を行なった。
食餌物の全般的配分では,キジでは植物質が全体の99.6%,動物質が0.4%,一方,ヤマドリでは,植物質が全体の99.8%,動物質が0.2%と,両種とも,そのほとんどが植物質であった。
さらに,植物質では,キジで37種,ヤマドリで20種が同定できた。
仙台市周辺のものでは,キジ,ヤマドリともに,植物の種実が多く,それぞれの77.4%,75.1%を占めていた。田代町のものでは,キジで全体の91.2%が種実であった。
植物の種実を,木本類,草木類,つた類と大別すると,仙台市周辺では,キジ(GP),ヤマドリ(CP)では,それぞれ,草木類で,42.2%(GP),44.5%(CP),木本類が,10.4%(GP),12.4%(CP),さらに,つた類では,43.3%(GP),43.1%(CP),となり,草本類及びつた類の種実が多かった。
また植物質を科別にみると,キジでは,マメ科,イネ科,ブドウ科,タデ科の種実及びヤマノイモ(ムカゴ)が多く,一方ヤマドリではマメ科,タデ科,ヒユ科,ミズキの種実及びシダ類葉片が多かった。
動物質は,きわめて少なく,わずかに5種類にすぎなかった。

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Observations and analysis of nestling foods of the following seven species were made May to July 1968: permanent residents: Dendrocopos major hondoensis, Parus major wladiwostokensis, Streptopelis orientalis orientalis, Emberiza elegans elegans, and summer residents: Eurystomus orientalis abundus, Zoothera dauma toratugumi, Ninox scutulata scutulata.
Food samples were collected by placing the collar on nestlings, except for Brown Hawk -Owl which nested in a tree hollow. The results of food analysis were as follows:
Dendrocopos major hondoensis: Preferred foods were Noctuidae indet. 37.4% and Cimbicidae indet. 12.5%. The food included, insect larvae 78%, adult insects 9.36%, spiders 3.12%, Mollusca 3.12% and some amount of vegetable matter.
Parus major wladiwostokensis: Pine caterpillar, Dendrolimus 84.6% were the most important foods. They consumed insect larvae 97.94%, Lepidoptera 96.96%, Mollasca 1.18% and spider 1.18%.
Streptopelia orientalis orientalis: The foods supplied during the nesting period appeared to be vegetable matters only: red pepper seeds 85%, Soybean 11.25 and some grains.
Emberiza elegans elegans: Foods of Lepidoptera, Noctuidae indet., Gometridae indet. and Pachyligia dolosa.
Eurystomus orientalis abundus: They consumed adult insects only: Potosia aerata 30%, Oxycetonia jucunda 13.9%, Anomala viridana 11%, Dieranocephala adamsi 8.3%, and Platypeura kaempferi 11%. The most common food items were Coleoptera 75%, Potosia aerata 30%.
Zoothera dauma toratugumui: They consumed insect larvae 17%, adult insects 33% and and earthworms 50%.
Ninox scutulata scutulata: The owls forage mainly at night not far from the nest. The food samples found in their nest were only the Line-backed Field Mice, Apodemus agrarius, and Cicadas, Platypleura kaempferi. Both Mice and Cicadas appeared to be the most important foods.

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1. The result of ten-year research of birds at Kashiwazaki, Niigata, on Japan Sea coast of Honshu is reported.
2. Beside observations, the records of beach drifted sea birds and banding results at Akuta marsh area (since 1966) are important part of this report.
3. In all 42 Families, 238 sp. and subsp. (235 species) are listed with annotation, and the following birds, rare or accidental as species or subspecies to Japan, are included: Aethia psittaculus, Fratercula corniculata, Turdus hortulorum, Upupa epops, Dendronanthus indicus, Anthus gustavi, Erythrina erythrina, Emberiza spodocephala spodocephala, Emberiza schoeniclus pallidior, Plectrophenax nivalis vlasowi.
4. Kashiwazaki area is peculiary important as a concentration of migratory birds due to special local meteorological conditions. Sea bird drift on this beach includes such northern alcids as Ae. psittaculus, Fratercula corniculata, etc. not found along other Honshu coasts, and Uria lomvia is more numerous than U. aalge.
5. Among land birds, the heavy migrations of Locustella ochotensis, Emberiza schoeniclus, E. spodocephala, etc. or occasional large wintering flocks of Carduelis flammea, are noticable. Akuta marsh is an important resting place for migrants as well as being the communal roost for Sturnus cineraceus, S. sturnia, Hirundo rustica, H. daurica, Chloris sinica and Passer montanus. The migratory bird flocks are so numerous as many are struck at telephone wires.
6. Data on rare stragglers and the flock movements of Otus scops (recently considered as resident) or Lanius bucephalus, usually a solitary wonderer, etc. are reported.
7. Cyanopica cyana became established and is increasing as breeding species since 1965.

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Distributional and breeding records by specimen or photographic evidences, additional to the 1958 edition of the handlist of Japanes birds are given of 69 species and one hybrid Lanius cristatus cristatus ×lucionensis. Many records from Riu Kiu Is. are included. Three notes are added: 1. Subspecies of Passer montanus many be devided into kaibatoi (Sakhalin to Yakushima), saturatus (Amami-Oshima to Ishigaki I.) and taivanensis (Iriomote to Formosa). 2. Iriomote I. should be omitted from the distributional localities of Rallina eurizonoides sepiaria and Gallicrex cinerea.

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アシナガコシジロウミツバメ(Oceanites oceanicus)の日本近海の発見例は犬吠崎における1例(清棲,1932)があるのみであった。1967年7月,東京大学海洋研究所の本田座氏は同所淡青丸で三陸沖調査中1羽捕獲し,写真を撮り,これを著者に提示された。著者は帯黄色の蹼と〓蹠の長さから本種と同定した。また海鷹丸で著者は11月,鳥島の東50海里の海上で1例を得て測定し,南極大陸産の亜種Oceanites oceanicus exasperatusであろうとした。
北太平洋における既知例は日本近海の1例,カリフォルニヤ沖の2例であったが,これらに2例を加えた。

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昭和43年7月および8月に,小笠原海域に二度にわたって航海し,その折に海鳥観察を実施した。その結果を要約すれば次のようである。
1) 多くのカツオドリは陸岸より10浬以内に観察したが,1羽だけ陸岸より35浬に観察した。
2) 父島列島附近は少く,母島列島と聟島列島附近に多く観察した。
3) 母島の乾崎と南崎が棲息地の1つであるのが判明した。

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以上は,1回の観察にもとづく分折で,内容についてはもっと比較検討の要があるが,この種の資料の整理の1案としてまとめてみたものである。行動部位は必ずしも採餌とは関連づけてない。

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雑種は容姿,裸出部の色彩,嘴型,体の測定値それに体下面などはシマキンパラに近いが,体の上面はキンパラに近い。総括的にはシマキンパラとキンパラの相互の表現を認められ中間を示しているということができる。唯々この雑種の体下面の模様は不規則で整然としない点雑種の特徴と見られる。

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