Relationships of light scattering to particle concentration and size distribution were experimentally determined to follow theoretical findings, both in laboratory suspensions and in a variety of conditions in the natural marine environment. Confirmation was obtained by electronic particle counts paired with scattering measurements that light scattering provides a measure of concentration of particle cross-section in the sea. The use of light scattering as a measure of particle bulk concentration is shown to require constancy of the distribution of particle size, which is met under prescribed circumstances in the upper part of the sea. A simple test can indicate the constancy of the size distribution. A tentative estimate is made of the effect particles have on the inherent properties of open ocean water.

View full abstract

Regeneration of silicate in the Japan Sea, an example of semi-closed sea, was studied. In the Japan Sea Proper Water the apparent regenerative ratio of the nutrients was determined to be:ΔO:ΔC:ΔN:ΔP:ΔSi=-289:(116): 14.3: 1: 81.
It was assumed that the dissolved silicate present in sea water is grouped into three fractions; 1) preformed silicate of conservative nature, 2) oxidative silicate which dissolves in oxidation process of organisms with consumption of oxygen, and 3) non-oxidative silicate which dissolves without oxygen consumption. The dissolution rate of non-oxidative silicate in the Japan Sea Proper Water was estimated to be 0.07μg-at. Si/l/yr from the data of ΔAOU values and assumed rates of oxygen consumption. This dissolution rate of non-oxidative silicate agreed with that obtained in the deep Pacific by the vertical advection diffusion model by KIDO and NISHIMURA (1972).

View full abstract

The total inorganic carbon dioxide-oxygen relationship in the ocean has been studied previously using two different approaches, one of which is theoretical and the other is statistical. Discrepancies between the two sets of results have been solved in this work by applying multiple linear regression analysis to express total inorganic carbon dioxide, normalized to constant S‰, as a function of potential temperature and total alkalinity and oxygen normalized to constant S‰. Results of the regression are in agreement with the assumption that total alkalinity changes in the open ocean are only due to S‰ changes and calcium carbonate dissolution or precipitation; and with Redfield's model for the prediction of the total inorganic carbon dioxide-oxygen ratio for the biochemical oxidation.

View full abstract

Distribution of coliform bacteria was surveyed monthly during July-1968 through December-1969 in Shimizu Harbor and Orido Bay. Among three significant rivers flowing into the coastal region; the water of Tomoe River was most microbiologically polluted. Throughout the period of investigation horizontal distribution of the bacterial density was highest at the estuary of the Tomoe River, and its density decreased toward Shimizu Harbor and Orido Bay.
It was shown that the bacterial density decreased from surface to deeper layer. High density of bacteria was observed in bottom deposits at winter. The bacterial distribution might be disturbed by current caused by geographical features.
Various types of coliform group were isolated in the surveyed areas. All types of E. coli, E. freundii, A. aerogenes and Irregular appeared in the area of estuaries, and only limited types occurred in offshore.
Bacterial number increased from upper stream toward the mouth of each river. The bacterial density differed from river to river. In the rivers flowing through the city the bacterial density changed with water temperature, whereas in the river running through agricultual district it might be affected with the rainfall.

View full abstract

A combination of the three-second power law, presented in part I for wind waves of simple spectrum, and the similarity of the spectral form of wind waves, leads to a new concept on the energy spectrum of wind waves. It is well substantiated by data from a wind-wave tunnel experiment.
In the gravity wave range, the gross form of the high frequency side of the spectrum is proportional to g uσ^-4, where g represents the acceleration of gravity, u the friction velocity, a the angular frequency, and the factor of proportionality is 2.0×10^-2. The wind waves grow in such a way that the spectrum slides up, keeping its similar form, along the line of the gross form, on the logarithmic diagram of the spectral density, ∅, versus a. Also, the terminal value of ∅, at the peak frequency of the fully developed sea, is along a line of the gradient of g² σ^-5.The fine structure of the spectrum from the wind-wave tunnel experiment shows a characteristic form oscillating around the σ^-4-line. The excess of the energy density concentrates around the peak frequency and the second- and the third-order harmonics, and the deficit occurs in the middle of these frequencies. This form of the fine structure is always similar in the gravity wave range, in purely controlled conditions such as in a wind-wave tunnel. Moving averages of these spectra tend very close to the form proportional to σ^-5.
As the wave number becomes large, the effect of surface tension is incorporated, and the σ^-4-line in the gravity wave range gradually continues to a σ^-8/3-line in the capillary wave range, in accordance with the wind-wave tunnel data. Likewise, the σ^-4-line gradually continues to a σ^-7/3-line.
Also, through a discussion on these results, is suggested the existence of a kind of general similarity in the structure of wind wave field.

View full abstract

Short-period temperature fluctuations were observed in the uppermost region of the seasonal thermocline in. Lake Biwa-Ko, under the existence of the strong wind-stirring. In the observation period, the temperature profile had a sharp discontinuity at the bottom of the surface mixed layer, and a large gradient in the discontinuity layer of about 2-m thickness. The most dominant disturbances occurred in the discontinuity layer had the period of 2, to 3 minutes and the amplitude of about 1 m. They occurred intermittently with 5- to 15-minute intervals, and the growth and decay cycles were repeated locally. On thebasis of these results, it is suggested that they were caused by the shear instability, and that such disturbances may control the erosion process of the seasonal thermocline.

View full abstract