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Osamu Hashimoto, Shigekatsu Mori, Setsuro Hiraoka, Ikuho Yamada, Takas ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
267-271
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Heat transfer coefficients on the surface of vertical tubes located in the freeboard of turbulent fluidized beds were observed for both a large-scale cold model unit operated under atmospheric pressure and temperature, and a benchscale unit operated under high pressure (49.5 MPa) and temperature (ca. 230°C).In these experiments fluidized particles belonging to group A in the map by Geldart were used. The mean diameter and density of particles were 48 cm and 2, 800 kg/m
3, respectively.
Based on the experimental results the following new correlative equation was obtained.
Nu=0.0326
Re1.9P (
Cp/Cf)
1.9 (ρ
p/
ρf) 0.8 (
De/dp) -
0.6This equation was satisfied within ± 9% for all experimental data under the condition of
u0/
uT> 1.2.
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Toshimasa Takanohashi, Takatoshi Miura, Shoji Tanno, Hideyuki Aoki, To ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
272-280
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A computer simulation method for liquid fuel spray combustion in a 1.2 m-I. D. × 5.0 m-long practical furnace was developed in this study. We used the
k-ε two-equation turbulence model for predicting gas fields in the combustion furnace, on which were superimposed computations of the particle flights and the particle/ gas interactions. Nitrogen oxide was computed by the modified Zeldovich mechanism for thermal NOx and by the Fenimore mechanism for fuel NOx. The combustion rate in the gas phase was determined by using the eddy dissipation model. The radiative heat transfer rate was calculated with a flux model between the wall and the gas field. The prediction of gas temperature and compositions in heavy oil combustion agreed well with experimental results.
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Ryuzo Ito, Kazutoshi Anabuki, Osamu Kondo
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
281-287
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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In isoelectric focusing with a vertical parallel-plates apparatus, it is shown that the concentration profile at steady state can be expressed by the Gaussian distribution and that the resolution depends on both the difference of pI values and the relative content ratio of the proteins.
Based on the velocity distribution of combined forced and natural convections and the electro-phoretic velocity, the trajectories of protein due to Taylor diffusion were simulated. The optimum location of injection and the minimum separation time are derived for a multicomponent mixture of proteins. And the operational conditions for minimum separation length are proposed.
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Fumihide Shiraishi, Koei Kawakami, Tsuyoshi Kojima, Akio Yuasa, Koichi ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
288-294
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Hydrolysis of soluble starch by β-amylase and debranching enzyme (pullulanase or isoamylase) immobilized on a ceramic monolith were carried out in batch and continuous reactors at pH 4.8 and 40°C. In batchwise reaction, reactant solution was stirred by a basket impeller involing three of the immobilized enzyme monolth under the condition of negligible external diffusion effect. To improve the maltose yield, a method to immobilize the enzymes efficiently on ceramic monolith was examined. Also, an associated model of the reaction kinetics for the two free enzymes discussed in our previous paper and pore diffusion phenomena was proposed and its agreement with time course data of maltose formation was investigated. Continuous production of maltose was conducted in a co-immobilized reactor, wherein ten blocks of immobilized enzyme monolith were stacked, at starch concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 kg· m
-3. As a result, it was found that efficient production of maltose was performed in the immobilized enzyme monolithic reactor.
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Ryuzo Ito, Yoshiro Inoue, Koji Nagatomi, Masashi Hayamizu
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
295-303
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A photoelectrochemical cell equipped with a p
+n junction silicon electrode as a photoanode. which decomposes hydrogen iodide into hydrogen and iodine with higher free energy than that of the raw material, was investigated. The photoelectrochemical cell has the characteristics of both a photoelectric cell-such as an amorphous silicone solar battery- and an ordinary electrochemical cell. As a result, the current-voltage relation of the photoelectrochemical system is very complicated and is affected by many factors, which might be classified into five groups : (1) those depending on the semiconductor, (2) those concerning the electrochemical reactions and the properties of electro-lytes, (3) those concering the incident rays, (4) those depending on the shape and size of the photochemical cell, and (5) those concerning the operating conditions. By correlating these factors, the fundamental equations for the desing of a photoelectrochemical cell with semiconductor electrodes were derived.
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Takenari Takeshita, Masaomi Harada, Hideki Yoshimi, Ryohei Yamazaki, G ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
304-308
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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To elucidate the characteristics of aerated granular materials discharging from an orifice installed at the bottom of a standpipe, experiments on pressure drop across the orifice and flow rate of particles were carried out.
It was found the equation by Crewdson
et al. is applicable to correlate the discharge rate of particles with pressure drop across the orifice in this system. A relation between pressure drop and relative velocity of particles and interstitial air was newly proposed by modifiying de Jong' s equation and was found to agree with experimental data. Finally, it is concluded that the flow rate of particles as a function of air flow rate can be predicted with accuracy by combining these two relations.
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Osamu Hashimoto, Takeo Haruta, Kenji Mochizuki, Wataru Matsutani, Shig ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
309-315
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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It is demonstrated that a transient regime, where turbulent fluidized behavior is observed between rising slugs, exists between slugging and turbulent fluidizations.
Besed on observation of average vertical pressure profile in the bed and FFT analysis of its fluctuation, new criteria are proposed to classify higher-gas velocity fluidization regimes such as slugging, transient, turbulent and dilute-phass regime including fast fluidization.
To determine these fluidized regimes approximately from the measurement of pressure fluctuation in the bed, a simple method is also proposed.
It is found that the critical
Rep number between each regime, observed under both atmospheric and high-pressure conditions, can be correlated considerably well as functions of
Ar number.
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Mitsuo Kamiwano, Fumio Saito, Meguru Kaminoyama
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
316-322
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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In this paper on the basis of the distribution of flow velocity of a pseudoplastic liquid in a stirred vessel as measured by the use of an image sensor, a comparison of the apparent viscosity of the liquid at the tip of an impeller with those near an impeller determined by Metzner's Power law model and Mitsuishi's model is discussed. Hydroxyethyl cellulose 1.2wt·% aqueous solution is employed as a pseudoplastic liquid, and four 6-blade turbine-impeller mixers having inner diameters of 0.1-0.4m, each scaled to geometrical similarity, are used as mixing devices. It was found that the apparent viscosity at the impeller tip obtained from the distribution of apparent viscosity of the liquid in the mixer is quite different from the values near the impeller as determined by previous models. Therefore, the Np-Re correlation of these experiments was found to differ from those determined by two previous models.
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Masayoshi Kubota, Harumi Matsuzaki, Sankichi Takahashi
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
323-329
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Extraction and separation of biochemical substances such as cholesterin and bile acid from foot and dark oil and ester oil, which are intermediate products in fish oil refining processes, were studied by a supercritical CO
2 extraction method. Fatty acid ester, methanol and cholesterin were separated from the ester oil, and bile acid was concentrated intensively by using alcohol as a reformer. From saponified foots, a cholesterin concentration of 98% was obtained by combining solvent extraction using benzene and supercritical CO
2 extraction. Almost all the used benzene was recovered. The mechanism of supercritical CO
2 extraction and the optimum conditions to combine these extraction prosesses are discussed.
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Hideaki Kurokawa, Yasuo Koseki, Akira Yamada, Katsuya Ebara, Sankichi ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
330-336
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Vapor permeate characteristics in membrane distillation were studied by using 3.4 wt% NaCl solution as feed liquid. To clarify the permeation mechanism, parameters such as temperature of feed, pore diameter, porosity, thickness of membrane and the gap between membrane and cooling surface were varied.
The results are summarized as follows. The permeate flux was proportional to the vapor pressure difference between feed liquid and cooling surface and was influenced by the porosity and thickness of the membrane and the gap. The permeate flux increased with decreasing thickness of membrane and gap and with increasing porosity. It was also confirmed that when the gap was below 5 mm the transfer of vapor in the condensing channel was controlled by diffusion and that when over 5 mm it was controlled by free convection. From there results, the relationship between the transfer rate of vapor and separation conditions when the gap is below 5 mm is expressed as :
Q=π·
D/
R·
T·
Pa·m (1/δ/ε
3.6+
Z) Δ
PWhen the gap is over 5 mm, the transfer rate of vapor is expressed using the nondimensional equation for free convection at a gap between two vertical parallel plates.
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Michiyuki Tokashiki, Kimihiko Hamamoto, Yoshiharu Takazawa, Yataro Ich ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
337-341
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A new perfusion culture vessel, which has a settling zone around a culture zone, was developed. In the settling zone, animal cells are separated by gravitational settling from culture medium, which was then pumped out of the culture vessel. Three lines of mouse-human hybridoma were cultured in two such culture vessels of different volumes (120 cm
3 and 1, 200 cm
3). The following results were obtained :
(1) cell density was about ten times that of conventional culture
(2) cell density levelled off when specific perfusion rate was higher than 3.8 (cm
3/day) / (cm
3-culture volume)
(3) monoclonal antibodies were produced continuously up to 50 days.
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Kazunari Ohgaki, Makoto Nishikawa, Tadashi Furuichi, Takashi Katayama
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
342-346
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Solubilities of α-tocopherol in the CO
2-rich phase were measured for α-tocopherol-H
2O-CO
2 (10-18 MPa, 25°C and 40°C) and α-tocopherol-ethanol-CO
2 (10-16 MPa, 40°C) systems by means of a flow method to investigate the entrainer effect in supercritical fluid extraction.
The solubility of α-tocopherol in the ternary α-tocopherol-H
2O-CO
2 system was almost the same value as in the binary α-tocopherol-CO
2 system. In the ternary α-tocopherol-ethanol-CO
2 system, the solubility of α-tocopherol increased proportionally to the concentration of ethanol in the CO
2-rich phase.
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Setsuji Tone, Hidemi Nakamura
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
347-353
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Optical resolution characteristics of amino acid from aqueous solutions at applied pressure were investigated using a composite membrane composed of an anion exchange membrane and an aminoacylase-binding polyvinyl chloride membrane.
The solute rejection (SR) of several kinds of amino acid and acetyl amino acid through the anion exchange membrane was dependent on pH and temperature of the solution and the concentration of solute. The reflection coefficient and the solute permeability were evaluated experimentally from the transport equations.
The performance of optical resolution using the composite membrane was governed by both the reaction rate in the enzyme-binding membrane and the SR of L-amino acid by the anion exchange membrane. The higher the activity of immobilized enzyme in the membrane and the smaller the SR of L-amino acid by the anion exchange membrane the higher was the optical resolution of L-amino acid attained.
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Hiromitsu Kojima, Masayuki Ogawa, Kouichi Hosono, Takao Mori
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
354-360
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The critical rotating speed for suspending solid particles in a three-phase (gasliquid-solid) stirred vessel was investigated experimentally at relatively low gas sparging rate. A flat-bottom cylindrical vessel with four baffles and six-blade Rushton disk turbines of various diameters were used as a stirred vessel and impellers. The critical rotating speed was determined by measuring the apparent electrical conductivity at the tank bottom. The critical rotating speed data for the case with no aeration and solid-liquid mixing were well correlated by Zwietering's method modified for the clearance between the bottom and the impeller. The power requirement for gas-liquidsolid mixing agreed with the equation of Nagata et al for gas-liquid mixing. The ratio of critical rotating speed in gas-liquid-solid mixing to that in liquid-solid mixing (
nc/
nco) was well correlated by Nagata's parameter. As the result of the correlation an empirical equation for a wider range of impeller diameter and clearance between the bottom and the impeller was obtained.
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Setsuji Tone, Koji Yamamoto, Tadahisa Nakamura
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
361-367
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A glucose sensor was constructed from an immobilized glucose oxidase-PVC membrane combined with a galvanic cell oxygen electrode. The response time curves of the glucose sensor to the step input of dissolved oxygen and glucose concentrations, respectively, were investigated. They are strongly dependent on the solution temperature, pH and the thickness of enzyme membrane.
The reaction rates of glucose within the enzyme membrane were measured by using a batch reactor and were analyzed according to the Michaelis-Menten mechanism. The response characteristics of the enzyme membrane attached to the oxygen electrode are represented by means of a transfer function describing the transient behavior of the sensor system. The respective diffusion coefficients of oxygen and glucose in the enzyme membrane are evaluated on the basis of the reaction-diffusion model proposed in this work, and are correlated with the water content of the membrane and the solution temperature.
The calculated response curves using the values of the diffusion coefficients and the kinetic parameters agreed well with the experimental ones.
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Noboru Sakai, Tadashi Chida, Teiriki Tadaki
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
368-373
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The kinetics of the reduction of NiO pellet with CO were investigated in the temperature range from 873 to 1073K where carbon deposition takes place simultaneously. To determine the individual rates of NiO reduction and carbon deposition, both the weight change of a solid sample and concentration of carbon dioxide in the outlet gas were measured as a function of time.
The rate of carbon deposition decreases and that of the reduction increases with increasing temperature. Carbon deposition starts after Ni metal is formed, and its rate increases as the reduction proceeds.
We proposed a reaction model including both the reduction and the carbon deposition. In this model it is assumed that the reduction proceeds according to the unreacted shrinking core model and that the carbon deposition takes place in the Ni layer. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental ones.
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Masaaki Izumi, Masaki Oh-uchi, Satoshi Takahashi, Norio Yamakawa, J. W ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
374-380
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Dropwise and filmwise condensation heat transfer on vertical rough surfaces scratched obliquely and vertically by various grades of sand paper was measured over a wide range of temperature difference and compared with those on horizontally scratched surfaces.
By observation, with the change of the scratches from the horizontal to the vertical the rather flat and irregular shapes of the condensed drops changed gradually to hemispherical shapes, and the erratical behavior of departed drops (stopping and shifting) changed gradually to smooth motion along the scratches.
The sweeping cycle by departed drops decreased exponentially with increasing heat flux. Furthermore, incremental increase of the scratched angle which decreased the drag resistance to the motion of drops caused the an incremental increase in the heat flux and a corresponding decrease in the sweeping cycle.
Condensing curves on the obliquely scratched surfaces also showed the hysteresis which had been observed on the horizontally scratched surfaces. The maximum heat flux, which meant the transient heat flux from dropwise to transition condensation (a mixture of dropwise and filmwise condensation), showed the largest value on the vertically scratched surfaces.
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Masaaki Izumi, Masaki Oh-uchi, Norio Yamakawa, Toshiro Takeyama, J. W. ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
381-386
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A method of estimating the heat flux during dropwise condensation on rough surfaces is proposed.
Generally, the heat flux during dropwise condensation can be represented as a function of the departure drop radius and sweeping cycle. But it is very difficult to decide the departure drop radius, because of the furious coalescence of drops and especially the irregularity of drop forms on the rough surfaces. Therefore, by assuming that the departure drop radius ratio on the rough and smooth surfaces was equal to the static departure drop radius ratio (
Rr/
Rs) without condensation on those surfaces, the heat flux during dropwise condensation on rough surfaces was formulated as a function of the heat flux on the smooth surface,
Rr/
Rs and the ratio of sweeping cycle.
As a result, the estimated values of the heat flux during dropwise condensation on rough surfaces agreed relatively well with experimental values. This result supports the authors' conclusion in the previous paper that the decrement of the heat flux during dropwise condensation on rough surfaces was caused by the retention and drag resistance of the surface which acted on the departure drop size and sweeping cycle.
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Yoshiyuki Yamashita, Shuho Shoji, Mutsumi Suzuki
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
387-394
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A framework for applying qualitative reasoning to the fault diagnosis of chemical processes is described. The behavior of a process is described by qualitative differential equations (confluences) for each device. Thus the cause of failure in a process is identified on the basis of deep knowledge. In the reasoning process, a time scale is introduced to eliminate the problem of combinational explosion. To check the applicability of the algorithm, a diagnosis program is developed and fault diagnoses of two practical examples are implemented for illustrative purposes. The results show that the proposed algorithm has the proper accuracy and flexibility in diagnosing a chemical process failure.
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Toshiro Aratani, Tatsuya Fujii, Toshiya Morikawa, Kei Miyanani
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
395-400
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Flocs in a batch flocculation vessel of 0.3 m diameter were photographically observed, and the form was analyzed by video image processor through a microcomputer.
Suspended kaolin clay, used as simulated turbidity at 50 g/m
3, is flocculated and sedimented by polyaluminum chloride as a flocculant.
Fractal geometry is recognized in the flocs for a wide range of projected floc area from 0.01 to 2 mm
2, with aluminum dosing amount from 5 to 20 g/m
3 during 4 to 40 minutes flocculation period under a slow mixing intensity of Camp' s
G values from 1.93 to 14.3 s
-1 where effective turbidity removal is attained.
The ruggedness of the floc form can be quantitatively evaluated by fractal dimension. Increase both in slow mixing intensity and in flocculant dosing amount was found to increase the ruggedness of the floc form.
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Issei Fujiyoshi
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
401-407
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The adsorption characteristics of several cations on porous Vycor glass were investgated by the measurement of adsorption quantity, released proton and pH in the liquid phase.
The calculated apparent exchange equilibrium constants of sodium ion suggested that weak acid sites were distributed in uniform proportion on Vycor glass.
In the case of a heavy metal ammine complex, adsorption quantity was influenced remarkably by the pH dependence of complex concentration. The adsroption mechanism was successive ligand substitution between ammonia ligand and surface silanol group. The adsorption was stabilized by the chelating effect. The tetra-ammine-platinic ion was adsorbed by single ligand substitution. The apparent figure of the exchange equilibruum constant showed that platinic ion was adsorbed stably.
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Hiroshi Masamoto, Shunsuke Nakahara
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
408-412
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The interfacial tension of five water-hydrocabon-acetic acid systems in which the hydrocarbons were benzene, toluene, cyclohexane,
n-pentane and
n-hexane, was measured experimentally at various solute (acetic acid) concentrations at 25°C. The results were well correlated by Cotton' s equations for all systems. The estimation of interfacial tension at any solute concentration is illustrated by using one datum point at some solute concentration and Cotton' s equations.
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Yoshishige Hayashi, Yasuhide Nakano, Eiji Hirai, Norihiko Kageyama
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
413-417
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A crossflow cascade packed column having characteristics of both counterflow and crossflow operations was designed, and the degree of axial dispersion in the liquid phase, the flow pattern of the liquid, the pressure drop of gas in the column, and the absorption efficiencies for the CO
2-Air-H
2O system were investigated experimentally. The following facts became clear : (1) The Peclet number of the liquid phase in the crossflow cascade column is almost the same as that in the counterflow column. (2) When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the feed gas stream is 2%, the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficients in both 8- and 6- stage cascade columns used in the experiments are the same as those in the counterflow column. (3) The crossflow cascade operation can be performed normally even at gas velocities above the flooding point in the counter flow column. (4) The pressure drop of gas is considerably less than that in the counterflow column under the same operating conditions, In particular, the crossflow cascade column exhibits excellent perfomance at increasing liquid and/or gas velocities.
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Koji Ando, Satoshi Masaoka, Makoto Akiyoshi, Eiji Obata
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
417-420
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Chromium ion was extracted from acidic solution by a surfactant membrane composed of carrier of trioctylamine (
R3N), oily solvents of
n-heptane and Span 80, surfactant. Effects of each concentration,
C [kmol/m
3], on the initial extraction rate,
J°
cr [kmol/ (m
2s)], were expressed as follows :
J°
cr=2.8 (
CH)
1.0 (
Ccr)
1.1 (
CR3N)
1.0The powers of each concentration agreed well with the powers estimated from the rate-determining step in the reaction sequence. The known rate, (
J°
cr)
f measured for the liquid-liquid flat interface in a stirred vessel was not consistent with the above rate. Therefore, (
J°
cr)
f was inapplicable to this liquid membrane separation.
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Setsuji Tone, Hidemi Nakamura
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
421-423
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The reverse osmosis separation of nine kinds of amino acids was carried out by a batch-cell apparatus using an anion-exchange membrane with quaternary ammonium salt as a functional group. The applied pressure was varied in the range of 0.4 to 2.0 MPa. All measurements were made under conditions of 310K, 2.0 mol/m
3 and pH 7.0.
The solute permeability coefficients were correlated with physicochemical factors such as polar and steric parameters of the solutes. These coefficients increased with decreasing polar parameter and with increasing steric parameter. The solute permeability for a solute of greater polarity, however, could not be well correlated because of interaction between the solute and the charged group in the membrane.
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Takenari Takeshita, Hajime Watanabe, Ryohei Yamazaki, Genji Jimbo
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
424-427
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The discharge rate of granular materials from a hopper equipped with a vertical outlet pipe at the bottom was found to be more than that from an ordinary hopper. The measurement of air pressure distribution across the hopper outlet showed that this is due to a pressure gradient developed in the air that promotes the discharge of granular materials.
Moreover, it was experimentally clarified that the flow rate of granular materials can be more efficiently controlled by introducing air flow into the attached vertical pipe. The best position for blowing in the air was experimentally found to be close to the pipe inlet. A correlation between discharge rate of granular materials and aeration flow rate is presented.
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Shigeharu Morooka, Katsuki Kusakabe, Kiyoshi Ikemizu, Yasuo Kato
1988 Volume 14 Issue 3 Pages
427-430
Published: May 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Poly (oxyethylene) dissolved in water was degraded by ozone accompanied by ultraviolet radiation of 253.7 nm. The reactor was a flat rectangular channel sandwiched with transparent quartz plates. A polymer solution was mixed with an ozone solution at the reactor inlet.
The degradation rate of the polymer was proportional to the UV irradiation. A random degradation mechanism was realized when the polymerization degree was larger than 300. The activation energy was 30 kJ. mol
-1, which was about half that for the case without UV radiation. The degradation rate was increased by 7-10 time at an irradiation of 5.5 W·m
-2.
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