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Yasuo Koseki, Akira Yamada, Hideaki Kurokawa, Katsuya Ebara, Harumi Ma ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
431-437
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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For development of an on-line system to monitor the quality of ultra-pure water, a new technique is proposed and experimentally studied. In the technique, water is atomized and promptly evaporated using hot (70°C) and clean (filtered to remove d> 0.1μm particles) air. Then the particles derived from the evaporated water droplets in the clean air are counted by a laser dispersion-type air-borne particle counter. In this way, the concentration of impurities (T : total solid) is obtained using the volume of measured particles.
The results are summarized as follows.
(1) By using NaCl as a simulated impurity, residue after evaporation could be measured satisfactorily by this technique.
(2) Water qualities in an ultra-pure water production line could be estimated by using this technique.
(3) Relationships between the TS value determined by the new technique and resistivity, TOC and SiO
2 values obtained by a conventional technique were satisfactory, and TS provided a good estimate of total impurities.
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Masashi Momonaga, Hisatoyo Yazawa
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
438-443
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Many kinds of additive agents were investigated for reactive crystallization to obtain tienilic acid, a hypotensive and diuretic.
The experimental results made clear that methylisobutyl ketone is the most effective agent for increasing the rate of polymorphs conversion and controlling the size distribution of tienilic acid crystals.
A good relationship between the interfacial energy of tienilic acid crystals in the solution and powder properities as product was also confirmed.
Good operational results were obtained by the application of
Z parameter for scale-up of the reactive crystallization.
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Iron Ore Particle Circulation Rate between Two Fluidized Beds
Ryokichi Sugioka, Kichiro Kaji, Mamoru Taniuchi, Masami Takao
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
444-448
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The KKI process, a new thermal cracking process for vacuum residue, employs a spontaneous particle circulation system between two fluidized beds.
The particle circulation rate was measured by the method of tracer response using two fluidized beds of the air-iron ore particle system.
Using a cold model test plant, it was made clear that the circulation rate of iron ores between the two circulating fluidized beds depends upon the static pressure difference between the bottom of the fluidized bed and the bottom of the transporting cross-pipe connecting the two fluidized beds.
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Hiroshi Ono, Kenji Fujiwara, Eiichi Sugiyama, Kenji Yoshida
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
449-454
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A reaction system for the direct synthesis of ethanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with homogeneous ruthenium catalyst in liquid phase has been developed. The reaction proceeds at 220240°C and 4050 MPa. The main by -products are methanol, propanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and methane. Taking advantage of the low boiling points of these products, the reaction system was investigated. The catalyst solution with a solvent of high boiling point was placed in the reactor and synthesis gas was fed continuously through the bottom to strip out the reaction products with unreacted gas. It was found that this system could be effectively applied to the reaction under appropriate conditions. Some of the ruthenium was found to evaporate together with the products, but it was proved that the catalytic activity was kept nearly constant by feeding an amount of the catalyst component equivalent to the amount evaporated from the reactor. The reaction was continued for 40 hours with STY 110 ± 10kg·m
-3·h
-1 and with a selectivity of 60±2%.
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Koji Mukai, Masayuki Shima, Koji Kagara
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
455-461
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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In batch concentration in pharmaceutical production processes, it is very important to predict the changes of state variables during concentration and to select optimal operating conditions. Therefore, the authors introduced a simulation method for the operation. To confirm the applicability of the method, reactors of three kinds, with different volumes and solvents, were used in experimental combinations. Good agreement was obtained between experimental results and calculated results, and it was confirmed that the method can be used to optimize the operation.
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Study of Filtration Condition
Yutaka Matsumoto, Yoshiyuki Totsuka, Tadashi Sakata, Tokihisa Higashi, ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
462-469
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Methane fermentation suspensions were filtered in cross -flow mode, using four ceramic microfiltration membranes of pore diameters 0.04, 0.2, 0.8 and 1.5 μm. The influence of operating pressure, feed velocity, concentration of MLSS and temperature was studied.
Limiting fluxes were obtained, and it was found that lower feed velocity and higher concentration of MLSS resulted in lower limiting flux.
At low feed velocity, the limiting fluxes were independent of membrane pore diameter. At high velocity, the limiting fluxes depended on pore diameter and larger pores gave lower limiting flux.
The limiting flux increased with rise in temperature, and this increase could be explained by change of viscosity of permeate solution.
The behavior of these limiting fluxes was analyzed by the resistance of the membrane itself, plugging and cake layer. Cake layer formed easily on the membrane surface at low feed velocity. This layer had such a large permeation resistance that the permeate flux decreased remarkably. On the other hand, plugging resistance mainly affected the flux at high feed velocity, and this resistance increased with increasing membrane pore diameter.
Membranes having a pore diameter of 0.04 or 0.2 μm rejected bacteria completely. However, a little leakage of bacteria through pore membranes of larger pore size was observed.
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Hirofumi Kikkawa, Hiroshi Takezaki, Yoshinori Ootani, Kazunori Shoji
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
470-475
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The effects of coal particle size distribution and grinding conditions on the apparent viscosity of coal-water mixtures (CWM) are studied to prepare flowable CWM at high coal concentrations. For the coals tested, the coal concentration at a given value of apparent viscosity was found to be maximum when the distribution modulus in the Gaudin-Schuhmann plot is about 0.4, and it was desired to prepare such distributions by grinding at a high coal concentration. On measuring the porosity between coal particles, it was found to depend only on the distribution modulus and was independent of coal type. There was a good relationship between porosity and coal concentration at a given value of apparent viscosity and the porosity was found to be minimum at a distribution modulus of 0.4.
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Takashi Hibiki, Manabu Yamaguchi, Takashi Katayama
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
476-482
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Formation of single charged drops from a laminar water jet issuing from an electrified nozzle in a uniform electric field is studied for the systems of water-air, -cyclo-hexane, -hexane and -silicone oil. The wave number and the growth rate of the jet calculated from perturbation analysis are modified in order to use the analysis satisfactorily at the break-up point of the jet. The drop diameter is calculated by using the wave number and the growth rate. It is shown that the experimental drop diameters agree well (within ±10%) with the calculated ones for all systems. The jet length increases with the electric force when the viscosity of the continuous phase is low and the jet velocity at the tip is sufficiently high. The frequency of drop formation increases with the electric force when the former is high and the latter is sufficiently low. In these cases, the diameters of drops formed from the jet decrease by the electric force.
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Manabu Yamaguchi, Kohzi Ohbori, Osamu Kondo, Takashi Katayama
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
483-489
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Electric coalescence of two neighboring water droplets was examined as a fundamental study of the coalescence mechanism by using the systems of kerosene (continuous phase) -Span 80 (surfactant) -NaCl aqueous solution (drop phase) and kerosene- NaCl aqueous solution.
In the experiments, two nozzles were set horizontally opposite each other on the same centerline and separated by a given distance, and two water droplets of the same size were partially formed at the tips of the two nozzles in the kerosene solution. A pair of droplets consisted of either charged water drops or uncharged water drops coalsced with each other in electric fields of microscopic scale. The respective coalescence mechanisms are discussed with reference to Taylor' s model and Latham and Roxburgh' s model.
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Improvement of Accuracy by Use of the Fault Revealing Time
BohYoh Shibata, Junichi Shiozaki, Hisayoshi Matsuyama, Eiji O'Shima
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
490-496
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The algorithm for fault diagnosis by use of the signed digraph has been so improved as to select candidates which are the most likely to be the real origin of failure, utilizing the time when the measured variable begins to show abnormality as the representation of the dynamic characteristic of the measured variable. The accuracy and speed of the improved algorithm were examined by its application to data obtained in experiments in fault diagnosis in tank-pipeline systems.
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Masahiro Niwa, Haruhiko Ohya, Hitoshi Yaguchi, Youichi Negishi
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
497-503
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Reverse osmosis concentration of aqueous methanol and 1-butanol solutions was carried out using cellulose acetate asymmetrical membrane and composite membranes (PEC-1000, FT-30 and NS-100). PEC-1000 showed the best solute separation. Membrane constants were evaluated, assuming that the membrane transport is expressed by the Spiegler-Kedem transport model. Reflection coefficients decreased with increasing solute concentration in the feed. Dependences of the solute and hydraulic permeabilities calculated on operating pressure and solute concentration in the feed can be explained well by the existence of two types of compaction phenomenon. That is to say, the increase in solute permeability with increasing operating pressure can be explained by the decrease in active layer thickness induced by operating pressure, and the decrease in permeabilities with increasing the solute concentration in the feed can be explained by shrinking of polymer matrix of the active layer caused by decrease in swelling pressure of the membrane.
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Osamu Kashihara, Chihiro Yamaguchi, Yoshio Harano
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
504-509
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The primary nucleation of urea from its quiescent aqueous solution in the absence or presence of a buret or cyanuric acid as impurities was measured by a differential scanning calorimeter at constant cooling rate and the data were analyzed by a nonisothermal analysis. The results indicated that urea has abnormal nucleation behavior and that, compared with thiourea, the surface energy a is low but that nucleation is relatively difficult due to a very low value of
k2, the pre -exponential term of nucleation. Some consideration was given to the results from the viewpoint of the high self -association property of urea in water.
The impurities showed a promotion effect on nucleation and it was deduced that they behave as heterogeneous centers in the formation of urea clusters.
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Hisayoshi Matsuyama
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
510-516
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A method is developed for testing the consistency of azeotropic data in the ternary system at constant pressure by use of a topological condition to be satisfied by the sums of indices of pure materials and azeotropes and also a thermodynamic condition to be satisfied by their boiling temperatures. Since the method requires only information on the existence of azeotropes and the boiling temperatures of pure materials and azeotropes, it can quickly test a large number of azeotropic data in the data base with use of a computer. 558 azeotropic data available in Horsley's data book are tested and 19 inconsistent data are detected by this method.
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Masahiro Ohshima, Iori Hashimoto, Takeichiro Takamatsu, Hiromu Ohno
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
517-524
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Model Predictive Control (MPC) has drawn attention as a powerful digital computer control method and has been successfully applied to many industrial processes. One of the reasons why MPC has been well received in industrial circles is its excellent robustness.
An analysis of robust stability of this control system is attemtped in a comprehensive manner without performing numerical computation. It is confirmed that MPC guarantees stable, offset-free control for any stable process if a model possessing a non-decreasing step response is employed.
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Naoto Watanabe, Chiaki Yokoyama, Shinji Takahashi
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
525-530
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The PVT relationship of gaseous toluene in the ranges of 1.07 to 3.53 MPa, 0.334 to 1.22 mol/
l, and 500 to 600 K was measured by use of a constantvolume apparatus. To check the experimental procedure, the vapor pressure of toluene was measured in the temperature range from 504 to 587 K. The vapor pressure data were compared with literature values using the Ambrose equation.
The PVT relationship and the vapor pressure of toluene were correlated by the modified BWR equation of state.
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Syogo Takahashi, Kazutoshi Otake, Tolu Takahashi, Akihiro Iguchi
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
531-535
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Liquid-liquid equilibrium data were obtained by gas chromatograpy for ternary systems of phenol-water-solvent. Solvents used were
n-butyl acetate at 25°C and 40°C, methyl isobutyl ketone at 25°C, diethyl ketone at 25°C and 1-pentanol at 25°C and 40°C.
n-Butyl acetate was found to be the best solvent in ferms of equlibrium ratio and selectivity at infinite dilution.
Gas chromatography is easier than the turbid-refractive method and/or bromination of phenol. Its accuracy is almost the same as thar of any other method.
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Setsuji Tone, Tadahisa Nakamura
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
536-539
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A glucose sensor consisting of an enzyme membrane and an oxygen electrode was used to measure the glucose concentration in aqueous bovine serum hemoglobin solution. The enzyme membrane was an immobilized glucoxidase-PVC membrane having a finely porous structure.
During application of the sensor to the solutions, bovine serum hemoglobin adsorbs on the surface of pores of the PVC membrane. Owing to the plugging of hemoglobin within the membrane, the steady-state output falls with time.
Based on the reaction-diffusion model for the enzymatic reaction in the membrane, the diffusion coefficients and the reaction rate constant were evaluated. These parameters were successfully correlated with time. Calculated values of declining output of the sensor at steady state with time agreed well with the observed ones.
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Tadaatu Ido, Motohisa Saiki, Shigeo Goto
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
539-542
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The dehydrohalogenation of 2-bromooctane in toluene (organic phase) by polyethylene glycols (phase transfer catalyst) was investigated in a batch reactor containing an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (aqueous phase). Reaction rates were increased by a factor of 126 at maximum by the addition of methanol. The base efficiency (moles of base per mole of catalyst) of polyethylene glycols (PEG) with molecular weights 3000 and 20, 000 exceeded unity and reached 12 at maximum by the addition of methanol.
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Niichi Hayashi, Masashi Iwata, Ichio Kato, Keiichi Takemura, Toshiro M ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
543-546
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The CST method, a method for determining the mechanical strength of aggregates, is discussed. The capillary suction time (CST) is distorted whenever residual polymer flocculant is in supernatant, because it is considered that the residual polymer coats the CST paper, contracting the flow area inside the paper. Removing the residual polymer by washing the aggregated slurries and applying the CST test to them give a rough judgement of the mechanical strength of aggregates.
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Teruo Takahashi, Zennosuke Tanaka, Satoru Kaseno
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
546-549
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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We investigated power requirements and pressure drop in the gas-solid stirred fluidized bed with vertical blades when increased rotational speed up to 6s
-1 At high rotational speed the minimum torque for stirring was greater than predicted by the approximate equation at low rotational speed, because of the centrifugal force acting on the particles. Then we corrected the approximate equation of minimum torque for stirring by considering centrifugal force. This corrected equation correlated well with experimental values. The pressure drop at high rotational speed behaved the same as in a spouted bed.
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Masahiro Takahashi, Tutomu Ohta, Miki Nishiguchi, Yoshinobu Katayama, ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
549-552
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The permeation of cadmium through a flat supported liquid membrane containing a
n-heptane solution of di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was investigated. The steady-state data were examined in terms of the composition of the liquid membrane and of the concentrations of hydrogen ion, cadmium and KCl in aqueous feed solutions. It was found that the permeation rate of cadmium can be interpreted by incorporating the mass transport resistances with the reaction resistances at both interfaces of the liquid membrane.
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Yutaka Tada, Akira Yasunishi
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
552-555
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Sapwood samples (about 1× 1 ×4 mm) of konara (Quercus serrata) which were soaked in aqueous solutions of alkali carbonates and alkali and alkaline-earth chlorides and dried, were pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere at 873-1173 K. The alkali salts affected the yields of the gas and the distillate. Hybrogen, carbon dioxide and ethane in the gas were increased, while carbon monoxide, methane and ethylene were decreased. The magnitude of the effects of the salts on product yields was in the order K
2CO
3> Na
2CO
3 > KCl > NaCl.
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Masayuki Sato, Keiko Tokita, Masayoshi Sadakata, Takeshi Sakai, Koichi ...
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
556-559
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Experimental results are described for sterilization of microorganisms by means of high-voltage pulsed discharge under water, in which the sterilization mechanism is quite different from that of the ordinary thermal method. Immobilized yeast cells did not suffer great damage after the treatment by pulsed discharges. On the contra-ry, microorganisms suspended in bulk liquid were killed to a much greater extent than the immobilized yeast cells. Under observation with a scanning electron microscope the treated yeast cells looked like a deflated ballon, perhaps the result of leakage of the cell contents (cytolysis) after irreversible damage to the cell wall or cell membrane by the applied field.
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Mitsumasa Murakami, Kenichi Maruo, Tadatsugu Yoshiki
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
559-562
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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A flowmeter for gas holdup measurement of two-phase flows was developed. The apparatus is composed of two exciting coils, four electrodes and earths, and can be attached to a Column up to 10.5cm in diameter. The output signals are fed to a microcomputer, in which noise synchronized to A. C. power supply is eliminated by data processing.
It is shown that this device measures the gas holdup of bubbly flow and churn turbulent flow wherein liquid phase is continuous.
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Toshiro Murase, Eiji Iritani, Jun Hyung Cho, Mompei Shirato
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
563-566
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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In filters with an expression mechanism, rubber compression membranes have traditionally been used. For dewatering filter cake containing solvents or other substances harmful to rubber, hydraulic expression experiments were conducted in a horizontal plate filter using two kinds of plastic floating compression disks. After the filter cake grows up to the floating disk, the filtrate flows into the cake through the annular gap between the filter chamber and the disk. The impermeable surface of the disk acts to compress the filter cake by applied pressure. It is shown that a perforated floating disk can also be advantageous for filter cake dewatering.
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Kazuya Ijichi, Yasuhiko Tanaka, Kunio Yoshida
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
566-570
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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Glass beads of four sizes were fluidized in a spouted bed comprising a 50 mm-diameter transparent acrylic column and a coaxial draft tube. Draft tube diameter, separation distance and particle size were varied and spouting states were observed.
It was found that stable spouting occurred when the air velocity in the tube exceeded about 79% of particle terminal velocity. The correlation proposed to predict minimum stable spouting velocities was expressed as a function of the variables above and particle terminal velocity, and the predicted values agreed with experimental data within ± 11% deviation.
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Setsuji Tone, Masao Kawashima, Shun-ichi Matsuoka
1988 Volume 14 Issue 4 Pages
570-573
Published: July 10, 1988
Released on J-STAGE: October 21, 2009
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The light intensity profiles in a rectangular aerated cell containing solids-dispersed water by light irradiation with a low-pressure mercury lamp were measured by highly sensitive photoprobes. The solids used were polystyrene particles having diameters from 1.1× 10
-3m to 1.7×10
-3m. The effective absorption coefficients were evaluated from observed light intensity profiles according to the diffusion-line source model, and were correlated with operating factors such as particle size and specific surface area of each phase.
The observed rates of the photoreduction of potassium trioxalate ferrate in nitrogen bubbling solution agreed with those computed using the coefficients obtained from three-phase dispersions.
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