To promote a renewable energy, this study focuses on installing large scale photovoltaic (PV) in deserted arable land. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of smart network consisting of large-scale PV assumed to be installed in deserted arable land, i.e., 22 regions in four prefectures in Tokai area in Japan, H₂ produced by water electrolysis using the power generated by PV, conversion from H₂ to H₂ carrier, transportation from deserted arable land to Nagoya where large energy is used, and power generation after transportation. This study evaluates energy efficiency, CO₂ emission ratio during the total processes as well as resilience effect which means how many days can cover the electricity demand of all households living in Nagoya city. As a result, the case of installing large scale PV in Omaezaki city exhibits the highest power generated by large scale PV of 664 GWh among the investigated 22 regions. In addition, the case of installing large scale PV in Omaezaki city can provide the electricity for 40 d after transportation of liquefied CH₄ to Nagoya city by means of power generation by LNG combined cycle. The energy efficiency and CO₂ emission ratio, which are the best in the case of installing large scale PV in Toyota city, is the largest for the combination case of liquefied CH₄ conversion and power generation by LNG combined cycle and is the smallest for that of liquefied H₂ conversion and power generation by PEFC, respectively. Under these conditions, the highest energy efficiency of 46.3% and the lowest CO₂ emission ratio of −6.4%, respectively are obtained.

Non-steady state diffusion process is separated as the former part called penetration period (PP) and the latter one called regular regime (RR). In the case of the constant diffusion coefficient assuming a parabolic equation on the concentration profile, linear driving-force approximation (LDF model) gives a simple relation between mean concentration and its changing rate with time during the non-steady state process. The LDF model gives an equation similar to the solution during RR, and it is not suitable for PP. In this study, an approximate solution for the short time solution during PP was proposed and an extended LDF model that is available for the whole range of the non-steady state process was introduced by a combination of the approximate solution and the solution during RR. In addition a useful correlation equation was proposed. Numerical simulations were performed about a sorption process in a paper using the LDF model, the extended one and the correlation equation, and the result of the simulations were compared together.

Lead-free glass for sealing applications, characterized by low melting point, low thermal expansion, and high-water resistance, is highly sought after as a sealing material in the ceramics and electronics industries. In this study, a ternary metal oxide system based on V₂O₅–TeO₂–ZnO was selected. Glasses were prepared at various compositions and evaluated for their suitability as lead-free sealing glass. Specifically, the glass transition temperature, glass softening temperature, and crystallization temperature were determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal expansion characteristics were evaluated by thermomechanical analysis. Glass weight loss was measured through water resistance testing. Glass flowability was assessed using the flow button test. Glass sealing performance was evaluated through sealing and tensile tests. As a result, we successfully developed a V₂O₅–TeO₂–ZnO system glass capable of sealing at 400°C. Among these, the glass composed of 29.1 mol%V₂O₅–67.9% TeO₂–3.0 mol%ZnO, 28.5 mol%V₂O₅–66.5 mol%TeO₂–5.0 mol%ZnO, 27.0 mol%V₂O₅–63.5 mol%TeO₂–10.0 mol%ZnO exhibited high water resistance and high flowability, almost the same sealing strength as conventional lead glass. The lead-free glass developed in this study demonstrated its high effectiveness as a substitute for lead glass.