Electron-microscopic studies on the filamentous E. coli induced by the treatment with cephalexin in-vitro as well as in a clinical case revealed following findings:
The ultrastructures of cell-wall, cell-membrane and cytoplasma of the filamentous E. coli capable to revert into the conventional form did not differ very much from those of normal E. coli.
Some of the filamentous E. coli demonstrating findings of aggregated ribosome and sparse cytoplasma seemed to be non-viable.
The frequent findings of vacuole formation in the filaments seemed to originate from a gap of growth between the cell-wall and the cell-membrane, so it was most frequently observed when filaments began to revert in antibiotic-free media. Among cephalexin, cephalothin, cephaloridine and ampicillin the latter two demonstrated stronger effect on vacuole formation, meaning their stronger damages upon cell-walls.
The electron microscopic finfings of E. coli found in the urine of a patient treated with cephalexin were quite same as those observed in in-vitro experiments with respect to filamentous form and spheroplast. E. coli inphagocytes in the urines of a pyelonephritis patient were followed up during the course of cephalexin treatment. Every form of E. coli was observable after the initiation of cephalexin treatment. But contrary to the relatively rapid disappearance of extracellular E. coli in the urines phagocytes containing filaments and/or spheroplasts could be observed for a longer period. This will give a suggestion on dosage schedule of cephalexin treatment.

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Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG) is not available in Japan, though it is highly effective for the prophylaxis of smallpox infection and for the treatment of a serious complication of smallpox vaccination. This study was designed to obtain basic data on VIG preparations.
Firstly, plasma was pooled from 18 year-old students who had already completed compulsory vaccination. The plasma was treated with cold ethanol (Cohn's method) to obtain P-II and P-III fractions. Vaccinia neutralizing antibody was found highly concentrated in Eu-globulin fraction (P-II). The neutralizing antibody was titrated by plaque reduction method using primary chick embryo fibroblastic cell. Vaccinia complement fixing antibody and hemagglutination inhibition antibody were rather concentrated in P-III fraction.
Secondly, plasma was obtained from the volunteer students who were revaccinated seven weeks prior to the study. Eu-globulin fraction was made from the plasma (VIG Lot 1). American VIG Lot 376 was kindly presented by Dr. Alexander, American National Red Cross. Our VIG Lot I was compared with American VIG Lot 376 using gel-filtration of Sephadex G-200. There was a peak at 7S fraction in VIG Lot 1 which contained highly concentrated neutralizing antibody. On the other hand, VIG Lot 376 showed two peaks at 19S and 7S, respectively, and small amount of albumin was also present.
Neutralizing and complement fixing antibody were present in higher concentration in 19S fraction than in 7S fraction in VIG Lot 376. HI was contained in the 7S fraction mostly.
ND₅₀ of neutralizing antibody titer was 400 in VIG Lot 1 and 1, 000 in VIG Lot 376, which was higher than those of commercially available gamma globulin preparations in Japan (Protein concentration was reajusted to 150 mg/ml for each sample.). The complement requiring vaccinia neutralizing antibody was also demonstrated in these VIGs, however, we could not confirm the presence of the antibody in the P-II and P-III fractions of the plasma.

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Methods of rubella virus hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests reported by Stewart et al are highly sensitive and reproducible, and it has remarkably promoted the development of the studies of rubella virus.
In this study, precise investigations on the techniques of rubella, virus HA and HI tests were performed by a tube method based on their report, and it was found that special cares should be taken to the elimination of inhibitor which was contained in human serum and showed considerably high HI titer compared with the one of rubella antibody.
The results obtained were described in this report.
1) Erythrocytes of geese, Japanese quails, chikens (1-, 2-, 5-, 7- and 15-day old) and adult chickens were tested for their sensitivities to HA. The use of erythrocytes from geese, Japanese quails and 1-, 2- and 15-day old chickens resulted in high HA titers, but cells from 7- and 15-day old chickens and adult chickens gave remarkably low HA titers.
2) Optimal pH range in HA test is 6.0 to 6.4 for all species of cells showing high HA titer. By using DGV buffer of pH 6.3, clear pattern of hemagglutination is observed.
3) Inhibitor of rubella virus hemagglutinin in human sera looks unquestionably like B-lipoprotein and gives high HI titer such as 1024 to 4096 folds in many samples and 512 or 8192 folds in some. Inhibitor in sera from hyperlipoproteinemia was also determined and HI titers of 8192 folds or more were detected in many cases. HI titer of inhibitor and content of B-lipoprotein in serum corelate fairly well.
4) Inhibor adsorbing capacity of kaolin differs remarkably by each product. A 0.15 g of acid washed kaolin of Fisher Co. per 0.2 ml of serum was confirmed to be an adequate volume to eliminate the inhibitor completely without any loss of antibody, however it seems that. there might be batches, even though of Fisher's product, which showed a less capacity of adsorption.
5) Inhibitor adsorbing capacity of kaolin becomes lower at low pH when it is suspended in DGV buffer. Lowering of capacity is attributable to gelatin contained in the buffer.
6) Although the technique of aceton extraction is fairly complicated, the removal of inhibitor is complete and no loss of antibody is resulted.
7) Heparin-manganous chloride treatment also gives a complete elimination of inhibitor without any loss of antibody. Twenty units of heparin per 0.1 ml of serum give an incomplete elimination and it is necessary to use more than 40 units for a complete elimination.
8) Dextran sulfate-calcium chloride treatment also gives a complete elimination of inhibitor without remarkable losses of antibody and is an excellent method in respect of its simplicity and rapidity.

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Kanendomycin (KDM), a newly developed broad spectrum antibiotic obtained from a mutant strain of streptomyces kanamyceticus, is known to be equal or in some cases superior to KM in antibacterial activity except mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, in the field of acute diarrhea' diseases, experiences with it have so far been not so many that its clinical value remains yet to be determined.
In this situation, the author, a member of a special study team on KDM, presented in this paper the results of its trials on acute dysenteric patients.
Among patients who were admitted to Tokyo Municipal Ebara Hospital during Oct., 1968-Mar., 1969 under the diagnosis of bacillary dysentery, a total 35 patients were employed, the breakdown being symptomatic shigella (B or D) positive adults (12) and infants (3), symptomatic shigella negative adults (6), adult carriers (8), symptomatic shigella (B or D) positive infants (4) and diarrheal adults with pathogenic coli (1) and staphylococcus (1). Most strains from 27 shigella positive cases were shown as resistant to CP, TC and SM but sensitive to KM, AB-PC and NA except for 5 strains which were sensitive to all drugs tested. Period of the medication was. 5 days in all and dosis was daily 2.0g orally in adults and 1.0-2.0g orally in infants every 6 hours 4 times a day.
The followings are the results:
1) In point of stool findings and frequency, about 80% of symptomatic patients were effectively treated, excellent ones (normalized within 3rd medication day) being 4 and good ones (within 5th day) being 13. Mean number of days needed for stool frequency normalization was 2.9 in infants, 3.1 in shigella positive adults, 3.5 shigella negative adults and 4.5 in pathogenic coli and staphylococcus cases.
2) Eradications of causative agents were seen by 2nd day in about half of the cases. However, those who needed 3-5 days were not so rare. Ineffective cases, i.e. requiring more than 6 days, were 20% in adults and 43% in infants.
3) Twenty seven cases of them were observed by rectoscopy twice in the course of hospitalization; 1st, prior to the medication, 2nd, 2weeks after the end of medication. Seventy four percent were recognized overtly as having ulcers at 1st test. On the other hand, 78% were confirmed as completely cured at 2nd test. The records can be regarded fairly satisfactory.
4) As to the dosis-clinical effects relationship, the impression is that 30-40 mg/Kg was reasonable in adults, but in infants somewhat greater dosis (60-70 mg/Kg) seemed necessary.
5) Side effects were almost negligible.
6) Maximum serum concentration of the drug was 1-2 mcg/ml after 1 g administration. It means it is poorly absorbable from the intestine.
In the previous report (Vol.43, No.1, in this journal), the author favored the combination of easily and poorly absorbable antibiotics in this field, this time too he would like to state the same, e.g. the combination with AB-PC as idealized medication.

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[in Japanese]

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