L-cystein-HC1 and soluble ferric pyrophosphate Fe₄ (P₂O₇) ₃ were commonly used for culture of genus Legionella, instead of Iso Vitale X and hemoglobin.
Although Rutter, et al. (1979) reported that iron dextran replacing ferric pyrophosphate had their ability to act as an iron source for growth of the organisms, the amount of iron itself they used were quite different from those of soluble ferric pyrophosphate. 0.04% of soluble ferric pyrophosphate is used for a growth of genus Legionella and it contains 75 mg of iron. Iron dextran which Rutter used contains 2000 mg of iron. We therefore investigated the effect of the iron called Fesin^® [Fe (OH)₃]_m [C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁] _n which contained iron 20 mg/ml. The growth of the organisms on B-CYE medium not containing iron, containing Fesin^® each of 0.2 ml/l, 2 ml/l, 10 ml/l and 20 ml/l were compared.
L. pneumophila (Philadelphia 1), L. micdadei and the strains which were recently isolated from clinical and environmental materials were inoculated to the each medium at the same amount of the organisms and compared the growth at 35°C in air condition.
All of the strains tested showed well growing on each liquid and solid media which contained various amounts of iron and no differences of the growth were observed in each medium compared.
Even when the iron was not added to the medium, the organisms could grow but the growth needed much longer incubation periods.
This might be suggested that common distilled water contains very few iron, but it would be too small amount for the organisms to grow so rapid as they need.
As the results, it is not necessary to use the Fesin^®so much as Rutter reported but 0.2 ml/l of Fesin^® is enough for the growth and primary isolation of genus Legionella.

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The weekly reported case number of influenza was studied during the five-years period 1976-1981.
Virus isolates during the period of October 1980 through May 1981 were analyzed with HI reaction, and antibody levels of Japanese people to representative strains of influenza virus were examined with a special reference to the current influenza vaccine. Results obtained summarized as follows.
1) During the period of 1976 to 1981, occurrence of the disease was most frequent in the period from the last decade of January to the end of February.
2) A 1, 100 strains of influenza virus were isolated by the Japan Influenza Center Collaborati ng Prefectual Laboratories during the period 1980 through May 1981, 56% of them were obtained in February 1981. They comprised 718 strains (65.3%) of HINI, 150 strains (13.6%) of H3N2 of type A, and 232 strains (21.1%) of type B.
3) A 10-15% of the H1N1 isolates showed antigenic variations from A/Kumamoto/37/79, contained in the commercial vaccine of 1980. In a case of the H3N2, only one strain showed antigenic drift from a vaccine strain in 1980, A/Bangkok/ 1 /79. 4) One isolate of type B, B/Shiga/75/81 showed a marked antigenic variation from B/Kanagaw a/3/76 contained in the 1980 commercial vaccine. Variant strains similar to B/Shiga/75/81 were isolated from Shiga, Gifu and Kyoto prefectures.
5) Hl antibody titers before inoculation with commercial vaccine containing B/K anagawa/3/76 and those 1 month after inoculation in primary school children were compared. The results showed little difference between Hl titer with B/Shiga/75/81 and B/Singapore/222/79.

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The outbreak was attributed to two types of viruses, A (H1N1) and A (H3N2), based on the rise of HI antibody titers in paired sera from patients. The distribution pattern of HI antibody and geometric means against A (H1N1) virus in sera from healthy applicants collected during and post outbreak period were shown to be very similar to these in sera from patients. Data suggest that the outbreak is mainly due to A (H1N1) virus.
The significance of IgM HI activities detected in patients' sera against the two types of viruses could not be elucidated in the present study.

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In order to evoluate the prevalence to diphtheria antitoxin in Yamaguchi prefecture, 638 serum samples of women, their newborn infants and children were collected during Nov. 1977 to Sep. 1980 and were examined by using the method of micro-cell culture.
1) Age distribution of diphtheria antitoxin:
Of 56 women (aged 21-32 years), 56 newborn infants, 42 infants (aged 0-3 months), 79 infants (aged 4-11 months), 144 infants (aged 1-2 years), 128 infants (aged 3-5 years) and 133 children (aged 6-11 years), 39.3%, 39.3%, 35.7%, 1.3%, 15.3%, 73.4% and 88.7% had diphtheria antitoxins, respectively. The age at which increases the prevalence to diphtheria antitoxin was in parallel with that of vaccination. The antitoxin of infants aged 0-3 months were considered as the maternal antibody obtained from their mothers.
2) Mean of diphtheria antitoxin titers by age groups:
The antitoxin of women and their newborn infants were in lower range. The peak prevalence was found to be in the 3-5 years group (0.01 x2^4.3IU/m1) and was found to decrease in 6-11 years group (0.01 x2^3.7IU/m1).
Of 268 samples without history of vaccination, 9.0% were seropositive.In the three stages of vaccination, 72.6% were seropositive in the first stage, 96.6% were seropositive in the secondstage and 100% were seropositive in the third stage, respectively.This fact indicates that the prevalence rates increase with the number of vaccination.
4) Mean of diphtheria antitoxin titer to history of vaccination:
The mean of antitoxin titer was 0.01 x21.9IU/m1 without history of vaccination and this mean nearly corresponded to those of women and their newborn infants. In the three stage of vaccination, the mean in each stage was 0.01 x2^3.4IU/m1 in the first stage, 0.01 x24.01U/m1 in the second stage and 0.01 x25.61U/m1 in the third stage, respectively.

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From the typhoid and paratyphoid carriers admitted to Tokyo Metropolitan Toshima Hospital during the 16 year period from 1963 to 1978, transient fecal excretors were strictly excluded, 78 chronic biliary carriers were underwent the treatment. The results of the treatment of the 78 cases are reported. In all of these cases, the cholangiographic examination revealed pathological findings such as shadow of biliary calculus, poor visualization and dilatation of common bile duct. As a rule, the treatment was conducted by performing cholecystectomy as far as feasible. In cases where the operation was impossible from various reasons and where postoperative cultural studies were still positive, long term oral treatment with ampicillin was carried out as a rule. In most of the operated cases, excepting that ampicillin was administered for 3 to 4 days before the operation to prevent contamination of the operative field, no chemotherapeutic agent was used combinedly. After treatment, bacterial examinations were made for both stool and bile. Initially, the patients were followed up for 1 year for operated cases and for 2 years for cases treated by chemotherapeutic agent. However, subsequently the follow up period was shortened to 4 months and 1 year, respectively. Seventy cases were treated surgically, of which two cases had been operated in other hospitals. Out of these cases, 52 (74.3%) were proved to be cured by postoperative surveillance. In the remaining 18 cases chemotherapy was performed, with erradication of salmonella in 13 cases. Among 8 cases received chemotherapy only, 6 cases became negative for salmonella after the treatment. Summarizing these results, erradication of salmonella could be obtained in 71 out of 78 cases, with a cure rate of 91%. Taking into account the strictness of the criteria for assessment of clinical efficacy employed by us, these results can be compared considerably favourably with those reported in various papers. In 50 cases the stones removed by cholecystectomy were examined for the presence of salmonella and discussion was made for post-treatment sureillance based on the results obtained and review of literature.

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Fourty-three cases with M. pneumoniae pneumonia admitted to KawasakiM unicipal Hospital from January 1979 through March 1981, were studied. The diagnosis was based onsignificant rise in titer of the complement fixation antibody in paired sera. Isolation of M. pneumoniae was not performed.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) Twenty-three cases were male and 20 cases were female. The mean age atonset was 29.7 year-old in male and 36.6 year-old in female.
2) Clinically, fever was observed in all cases. Cough, sputum and coryza were observed in 42 cases (97.7%), 32 cases (74.4%) and 5 cases (11.6%) respectively.
3) In laboratory findings on admission, elevation of GOT and/or GPT was seen in about 40%. Normalization of GPT took more time than that of GOT. Cold agglutination test was positive in 30 cases (69.8%).
4) For treatment of M. pneumoniae pneumonia, tetracyclines, macrolides orβ-lactams were administered and effect of each drug was statistically the same. However β-lactams were not effective in 3 cases.
5) The significant correlation between C.F. antibody titer on admission and days from onset until resolution of fever was seen in our study.

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Both of M antibody by Bactericidal test and T antibody by agglutination test were studied on streptococcal carriers and patients confirmed clinically and/or bacteriologically. The results obtained are as follows;
1) There was observed high relationship between carring streptococci and T antibodies of carriers in case of T type 1, 4 and 6.
2) Relationship between T and M antibodies was studied on 54 cases of confirmed acute glomerulonephritis. Out of seven cases of T12 antibody positives, six were M12 strongly positive, suggesting T antibody positiveness can be good indicator for the presence of M antibody. On the other hand, T antibody negativeness does not necessarily mean negativeness of M antibody.
3) It was confirmed that T antibody corresponding to the infected type was detected around three weeks after the onset of scarlet fever or pharyngitis.
4) On the cases of rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis, which are so-called nonsuppurative secondary streptococcal disease, the positive rate of T antibody was higher than that of acute infections such as scarlet fever or pharyngitis and multiple T antibody pattern was observed.
5) There was observed that T antibody pattern of the people at East Java, Indonesia, was remarkably differet from that in Japan, indicating the prevalence of different type of group A streptococci from Japan.

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Recent advances in obstetric and neonatal care have made very premature infants able to survive and live without any sequelae On the other hand, severe bacterial infections are frequently elicited among neonates who are treated with mechanical ventilation due to impaired pulmonary gas exchange, and the outcome is often an unhappy one in spite of intensive antimicrobial therapy.
It is said that human neonates are relatively susceptible to infection. The bactericidal function of leukocytes during the neonatal period, which is one of the most important defence mechanisms against infection, has been studied by many authors and defective antimicrobial capacity has been observed. But differences in function between newborn and adult neutrophils cannot be identified under certain experimental conditions. Additional factors, known as “stress”, may further depress neonatal neutrophil function and increase the risk of bacterial infection.
Neonates treated with mechanical ventilation are exposed to a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic precedures which may be portal of entry for bacteria, e.g., umbilical vessel catheters, endotracheal tubes, intravenous catheters, and so on. Furthermore, hypoxia and acidosis in ill neonates might act as “stress” and compromise host resistance against bacterial invasion.
This experiment was designed to study the effect of hypoxia and acidosis on neutrophil bactericidal capacity. Peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were infused into diffusion chambers and incubated in the peritoneal cavity of live rabbits. The rabbits were made hypoxic or acidotic artificially. After suitable incubation periods in the peritoneal cavity, the numbers of viable Pseudomonas in the chambers were counted and the bactericidal capacity of the leukocytes were investigated.
When the rabbits were hypoxic, Pa02 less than 40 mmHg, the bactericidal function of the leukocytes was deeply depressed. But when the rabbits were made acidotic only ingesting HCL but with normal Pa0₂, the bactericidal capacity of the peritoneal leukocytes was not changed. This experiment, though done on mature rabbits, suggests that the newtrophils of hypoxic newborn infants may be less effective than nonhypoxic ones, those already have fragile antimicrobial functions due to immaturity.

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