Intracellular forms of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA molecules isolated from infected WI-38 cells were examined by electron microscopy (Kleinschmidt method) before and after the onset of the viral DNA synthesis.
In the cells harvested at 4 hours and 42 hours postinfection when the viral DNA did not show any replicative forms, circular and concatemeric molecules were observed in addition to linear double-stranded molecules. Both the linear and the circular double-stranded unit-size molecules measured 50±2 μm in length.
The observation of circular unbranched unit-size molecules suggests that HCMV DNA has repetitive sequence that is located at or near the termini and is exposed by endonuclease digestion within infected cells, and that single-stranded regions can complement each other to form circles.
Viral DNA molecules with tiny terminal loops were also observed. This particular structure indicates that an inverted repetition of the sequence may be present within the terminal region of the molecule.
Unit-size or smaller linear molecules and concatemers with replicative “eye” loops or forks were observed in the cells harvested at 53 hours postinfection when viral DNA replication could be assumed to have begun. In this sample, however, it was failed to detect any circular branched unit-size molecules.
Unit-size or smaller linear molecules and concatemers with replicative “eye” loops or forks were observed in the cells harvested at 53 hours postinfection when viral DNA replication could be assumed to have begun. In this sample, however, it was failed to detect any circular branched unit-size molecules.

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Beside diphtheria-and tetanus toxoids, the improved DPT vaccine contains formalinized, alum-precipitated filamentous-and leukocytosis-promoting hemagglutinins from Bordetella pertussis in stead of killed B. pertussis in conventional DPT vaccine.
In this paper, the both vaccines were compared on production of IgE antibodies.
Sera from rats were tested homocytotropic antibodies, which were comparable to human-IgE antibodies, against diphtheria-and tetanus toxoids by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in rats.
In the sera from 27 rats on 16th day after immunization with conventional vaccine, IgE antibodies were detected in 78% against diphtheria toxoid and in 19% against tetanus toxoid. The mean of the antibody titers against diphtheria- and tetanus toxoids were 1: 32 and 1: 2, respectively.
In the sera from 27 rats on 16th day after immunization with improved vaccine, IgE antibodies were less detected and the means of the antibody titers against diphtheria-and tetanus toxoids were significantly lower than those immunized with conventional vaccine; IgE antibodies were detected in 41% against diphtheria toxoid and in 7% against tetanus toxoid. The mean of the antibody titers was 1: 2 against diphtheria toxoid and 1: 1 against tetanus toxoid.
We suppose that the significantly less production of IgE antibodies in rats immunized with improved DPT vaccine might be due to lower concentration of leukocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) of B. pertussis which has adjuvant effect on production of IgE antibody; the concentration of LPF in improved vaccine is less than 10% of conventional vaccine.
On the other hand, the both vaccines elevated neutralizing antibody titers against diphtheria-and tetanus toxins to the level of complete protection from the diseases.

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Hemagglutinating activity of eighty nine strains of Serratia marcescens isolated from clinical specimens were tested using human type A, guinea pig, chicken and bovine erythrocytes. Seventy four per cents of the isolates (67 strains) agglutinated at least one of these four species of erythrocyte. Non agglutinating strain were only 23 strains. The strains agglutinated human or bovine erythrocytes were a few (7 strains). Most common hemagglutination pattern was hemagglutination of both guinea pig and chicken erythrocytes. The pili of strain US5 can interact with human urinary slime and agglutinate in human urine. Antiserum against this purified pili was prepared and the distributions of pili antigen were tested with slide agglutination test. The pili antigen were distributed over many strains showing different hemagglutination patterns.

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to study the antibody levels against the soluble antigens of Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) in the IgG and IgM classes in 38 sera from 23 patients with C. jejuni enteritis, 13 sera from patients with acute enteritis without the isolation of C. jejuni, and 196 sera from patients without the gastrointestinal symptoms within one month before sampling of sera (control), and the antibody levels measured by ELISA were compared with the agglutination titers and complement fixing (CF) titers.
ELISA antibodies were positive (the mean titers of control+3 s. d.) in all sera from patients with C. jejuni enteritis at the period between the second and the sixth week of illness, and three sera from patients with acute enteritis without the isolation of C. jejuni. ELISA IgG antibody levels of sera from patients within the forth day of illness and after three months were similar to the levels of control and ELISA IgM antibodies were also negative in sera from patients within five days and after two months after onset.
Significant correlation between ELISA IgG titers and the agglutination titers (r=0.785, p<0.01) and between ELISA IgM titers and CF titers (r=0.818, p<0.01) were observed.
From these results presented here, ELISA was seemingly to be the useful method for the diagnosis of C. jejuni infections.

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In an examination of 20 human sera from normal individuals, prevalence and partialproperties of “normal inhibitor (s)” against the hemagglutinin of BK virus (BKV) and JC virus (JCV) were studied. Before and after treatment of the serum with KIO₄, RDE or aceton, hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) activities were found to be a titer of log₂7.1 and log₂5.2 (average) against BKV, and a titer of log₂5.8 and log₂1.9 against JCV, respectively. By sucrose density gradient centrifugation, the inhibitor was found to be co-sedimented with immunoglobulin M (IgM). However, it was differentiated from IgM by its stability and its fragility to KIO₄ treatment. It was also found that the inhibitor in the fraction containing alpha-2 macroglobulin (α₂M) by electrosyneresis. However, its HI activity remained unchaged even after treatment of the fraction with anti-α₂M immune serum. These data indicate that the HI inhibitor in human serum have similar sedimentation co-efficiency with IgM and that it differ from IgM and α₂M. The nature of the inhibitor remained to elucidate.

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The author et al. performed RUBELISA ^® (an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for rubella virus IgG antibody in human serum) in 145 pregnant women, and compared thus obtained results with hemagglutination inhibition (HI). Also, we vaccinated 25 young women against rubella, and determined antibody titer and side effect in 18 subjects out of the 25.
With RUBELISA value less than 0.14 regarded as antibody negative, it was revealed that the ratio of carrying antibody was 74.1%. In 23 cases, HI was less than eightfold, and the ratio of carrying antibody was 84.7%. The ratio of coincidence of these two methods was 88.0%, and their correlation index, 0.85.
Among the young women vaccinated, side effects were observed in 8 (32 %), all of which were articular symptoms which were broken down into 6 cases of arthralgia, 2 cases of joint swelling and arthralgia. As other symptoms, lymphnode swelling was observed in 4 cases, exanthema, 3 cases and pyrexia, 1. Antibody titer rose in all determined cases, and the mean HI value was 2^5.1.
In the cases of elder young women, it was noticed that articular symptom was important as side effect.

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Serum concentration was evaluated after intravenous administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics in newborn infants, for their routes of administration had been done under discussion. Tobramycin (TOB) was administered intravenously (drip infusion over 60 minutes, every 12 hours) and serum concentration was measured in 7 newborn infants with severe bacterial infection. Serum peak levels were 1.80-5.75μg/ml (3.54±1.18) and the trough levels were 0-1.86 μg/ml (0.50±0.61). Based these results, no accumulation effect was observed and relatively effective serum concentrations were obtained, although the peak levels were lower than those we had expected. Auditory Brain stem Response (ABR) was performed for early diagnosis of hearing loss as side effects of aminoglycoside antibotics in newborns. Abnormalities in ABR were recongnized in oneof 7 cases given TOB and it was not clear that these abnormalities were due to TOB or not. But, serial applications of this method would be helpful for screening a side effect of hearing disturbance, because we have no other reliable technique for diagnosis now.

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C-AMOX, a newly developed oral antibacterial agent, was evaluated experimentally and clinically for 178 patients with various infection, and results were as follows.
Absorption and excretion
Mean serum concentration of C-AMOX reached to the peak level of 7.3 μg/ml, 3.3, μg/ml at four and six hours respectively after an oral administration of 500 mg to 6 healthy male volunteers. They decreased to 1.2, μg/ml and 0.24, μg/ml at ten hours after respectively.
Mean urinary recovery rates were 69.1% and 63.4% respectively. In continuous administration of 500 mg and 1000 mg for 5 days at fasting, C-AMOX showed dose response and no cumulative tendency.
Clinical evaluation
1) C-AMOX was given orally to 500 mg (b.i.d.) to 178 cases, 109 cases with respiratory tract infection, 59 cases with urinary tract infection and 10 cases with enteritis. The clinical effects were excellent in 26 cases, good in 108 cases fair in 24 cases, and poor in 20 cases. Total clinical effectiveness rate of 75.3% was obtained.
2) Bacteriological examination was carried out in 80 cases. The eliminative rate in gram positives was 85.7%, in gram negative 64.8% and in mixed isolates 58.3% respectively.
3) Side effects were observed in each of one case of urticaria, nausea and soft stool, and three cases of stomach discomfort. Medication was continued except one case of nausea. In the laboratory findings, decrease of WBC count, increase of eosimocyte count, elevation of GOT value, elevation of GOT, GPT values, elevation of GPT, AL-P values, and increase of BUN, creatinine values in serum were observed in one case respectively.

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A case of vulvovaginitis due to Shigella flexneri 2a is reported. A girl aged 6 was brought to hospital by her mother, because the child had a yellowish vaginal discharge for 2 weeks. Physical examination revealed a purulent, foul-smelling vaginal discharge with moderate inflammatory reaction of the vulvar region. Shigella flexneri 2a was isolated from vulva and vagina. But cultures of rectal swabs for Shigella were negative. Chemotherapy with Fosfomycin 100 mg/kg/day p. o. for 5 days was very effective. Isolation of Shigella became nega tive at 2 days after the initiation of the chemotherapy. This case considered to be not a infection secondary to dysentery but a primary infection of Shigella flexneri 2a, because Shigella was not isolated from rectal swabs and lack of history of recent diarrhea. The rectal cultures of her family for Shigella was negative, so that the source of the infection was unknown.

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A 62-year old man with a ten year history of chronic rheumatoid arthritis was admitted to the hospital because of difficulty in walking and arthralgia in end-February, whose brother's sons had died at age 25 and 30 after a rapidly progressive dementia (no necropsy).
The patient was treated with steroid hormone for rheumatoid arthritis. Personality changes were observed for the first time in May. He became depressive and irritable, and so subsequently the steroid was tapered off. But he became unresponsive. In mid-April, akinetic mutism and bilaterally synchronous myoclonic jerks appearred.
The EEG (electroencephalogram) showed periodic synchronous discharge.
He died in end-May. The history and EEG suggested the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
The necropsy confirmed the diagnosis of subacute spongiform encephalopathy.
Transmission experiment is carrying out. Mice were inoculated with brain necropsy material. However, during 1 year period no animals have developed a neurological disorder.

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