Campylobacter jejuni/coli is recognized as a common bacterial cause of enteritis. Many workers have reported that Campylobacter enteritis is a disease as common as Salmonellosis. On the other hand, it has been reported that the incidence of symptomless excreters is less than 1% in industrialized countries. The numbers which have been tested by almost all workers were too small to be able to achieve statiscal significans of the sex, age and other incidence, though.
We studied the frequency of incidence of C. jejuni/coliin stools of healthy people. During the period from July 1980 to May 1982, 836 healthy persons were tested for 1-9 times, once every two months, basically. But, positive persons were tested at the next month also, so a total of 3385 stools were tested.
C. jejuni/coli was isolated from 41 out of 3357 fecal specimens (isolation rate was 1.22%). The frequency of isolation rates were 0.62-2.19 during a year. The isolation rate in winter (2.19%) was significantly higher than in summer (0.62%) and autumn (0.62%) (p< 0.05). It was not clear whether or not the isolation rates were different. The frequency of isolation rate is more or less equal between sexes (male 0.82%, female 1.25%). Teen agers had significantly higher isolation rates (4.17%) than the elder age groups (0.64-1.50%) (p< 0.05). It may be derived that Campylobacter enteritis is more frequent in children. C. jejuni/coli in stools had disappeared till one or two months after the first isolation.

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Seroepidemiological studies of the antibody against B. pertussis in children were carried out either by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or by bacterial agglutination (BA) method using a crude antigen obtained from the bacterial cells by ultrasonication or intact bacteria, respectively.
Significant rises of the leveles of specific IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies detected by ELISA or BA antibodies were demonstrated in serial or single sera from patients. Also, in the vaccinated children, similar levels of those antibodies were demonstrated. These serological studies suggested that the disease had spread widely among children during this investigation in Japan. On the other hand, both unvaccinated children and newborns had comparatively lower BA antibody titers and by ELISA method neither IgM nor IgA antibody was detected, while IgG antibody was found in the several cases.
The critical levels of serum antibody for diagnosis of pertussis were defined as follows; 1:40 for BA antibody, 0.45, 0.30, 0.34 (A₄₉₀) for IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies by ELISA test, respectively. In suspected patients, detection of at least one of IgG, IgM or IgA antibody seemed to have a diagnostic value at early stage.

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A radio-active Shigella bacillus was prepared by the cultivation of a virulent or an avirulent strain in H. I. Broth containing 5μ Ci of ³²P-orthophosphate (H₃³²PO₄). To clarify the invasion mechanism of these strains into host cells, following experiments were carried out.
When the radio-active virulent strain was inoculated onto monolayer of HeLa cells, the radioactivity of the cells began to rise at 30 minutes after the inoculation, suggesting the beginning of invasion of the virulent strain, and thereafter the radioactivity increased with the lapse of time. On the other hand, the radioactivity of the cells inoculated with the radio-active avirulent strain showed a constant low level throughout the experiment, suggesting no invasion of the avirulent strain. At the simultaneous inoculation of the radio-active virulent and avirulent strains onto the HeLa cells, the radioactivity of the cells did not rise until 60 minutes after the inoculation and thereafter rose slowly up to 120 minutes. But on this case the radioactivity at 120 minutes showed a half of the level of the inoculation of the virulent strain only, suggesting the occurence of antagonism at a site of invasion between these two strains. This phenomenon did not occurred in the experiment with the virulent strain and the killed avirulent strain instead of the live one.
When the radio-active strain, irrespective of virulent or avirulent on, was inoculated onto a monolayer of peritoneal adherent cells (macrophages) from guinea pigs, the radioactivity of the macrophages rose rapidly and reached to a peak within 30 minutes. Numbers of bacillus in the host cells were found to increase by the microscopic observation later than 30 minutes after inoculation, nevertheless the radioactivity did not increase thereafter. This might be considered not to the new invasion of radio-active bacteria, but to the multiplication of bacteria already taken in the cell. At the experiment of simultaneous inoculation with the virulent and the avirulent strains, the radioactivity of macrophages was the same level as that of the virulent strain only.

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In order to determine the epidermiological background of human Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and to estimate the degree of environmental pollution by this organism, distribution of P. aeruginosa in the Murasaki River water was investigated. The serogroups and elastase-producing ability of 541 P. aeruginosa isolates and the antimicrobial susceptibility of 481 isolates were compared with those of strains of clinical origin.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) Of each 85 water samples from the upper and lower part of the river, in July 1978, 41 (48.2%) and 64 (75.3%) samples, respectively, yielded P. aeruginosa by enrichment culture technique. Two months later (September), the isolation frequency was lowered up to 13.0% for upper part and 69.0% for lower part of the river.
2) Number of living cells of P. aeruginosa in the river water was determined by membrane filter technique. Each 100ml water of upper and lower part of the river contained 10¹ and 10² cells, respectively.
3) Main serogroups of the isolates from the lower part of the river were G, I, B, E, and A, similar to those of clinical isolates reported in the literature.
4) Out of 541 isolates from the Murasaki River water, 530 (98.0%) were positive for elastase production. This result suggests that elastase-producing ability of P. aeruginosa is not a particular charcter for those of pathological origin, but common in almost all isolates from the environment.
5) All 481 P. aeruginosa strains from the Murasaki River water were sensitive to gentamicin, dibekacin, and colistin. Sensitivity rate of strains for carbenicillin, tetracycline, and minocycline was 93-99% in the upper part isolates and 69-76% in the lower part isolates.

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The migration of peritoneal macrophages (including lymphocytes) from mice immunized with purified SPA was inhibited in vitro when tested in media containing the purified SPA or killed Salmonella cells. Peritoneal macrophages from non-immunized mice showed no such inhibition. Normal mice injected with peritoneal cells, splenic lymphocytes or thymus from purified SPA-immunized mice virtually all survived after a challenge with 100 LD₅₀ of Salmonella enteritidis (post-challenge observation period: 30 days), whereas those injected with cells from non-immunized mice all died following the challenge.
Normal mice challenged with an inoculum size of 100 LD₅₀ one day after passive transfer of splenic lymphocytes from non-immunized mice all died, with bacteremia (10⁶ organisms/ml) and 10⁸ organisms/g in the liver and spleen, in 3 days. In mice injected with cells from immunized animals, on the other hand, the inoculated bacterial population did not increase to such levels and gradually diminished to become completely undemonstable.
In normal mice, passive transfer of splenic lymphocytes from purified SPA-immunized mice after pretreatment with 200mg/kg of carrageenan did not provide protection against a hallenge with 100 LD₅₀, resulting in death of all animals.
Peritoneal macrophages of the immunized mice showed enhanced bactericidal activity against S. enteritidis.

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The clinical and bacteriological features of 11 patients with bacteremia due to Pseudomonas cepacia during a 2 year period from 1978 to 1979 are described. Eight patients survived the bacteremia and did not.
All of the infections were hospital aqzised. Factors that appear to predispose to P. cepacia infection inclued the postoperative status, indwelling intravenous catheter, multiple and “broadspectrum” antibiotic therapy and chronic debilitating disease. Most of isolations of P. cepacia were sensitive to minocycline and gentamicin and were resistant to ampicillin, cephaloridine, tetracycline, erythromycin and colistin.
Whereas the pathogenicity of P. cepacia has been doubted in the past, these data confirm that in certain clinical situations the organism can become pathogenic in man.

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One hundred and thirty-six strains of influenza viruses isolated from patients in Thailand and Manila during the period of August, 1979-August, 1981 were studied by hemagglutination inhibition reaction with postinfection ferret sera. The Hong Kong subtype (H3N2) was prevalent in Thailand and Manila in the rainy season of 1980, while the USSR subtype (H1N1) was prevalent in Thailand in 1981. A/USSR/92/77-and A/Brazil/11/78-like viruses (H1N1) seemed to have circulated for longer period than in Japan.

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Staphylococcal coagglutination test (COA) was applied for the rapid detection of soluble capsular antigens in body fluids of patients with H. influenzae type b (HIB) and pneumococcal (Pn) meningitis. Used COA kits were obtained from Pharmacia Diagnostics. And these results were compared with the results obtained by counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE).
HIB capsular antigen (polyribophosphate, PRP) was detected up to 16ng/ml by COA and up to 125ng/ml by CIE using Wellcome Reagents antiserum.
HIB Meningitis: PRP was detected in 19 cases out of 23 cases (83%) in CSF specimens obtained within the first hospital day, equally by both COA and CIE. In urine specimens including concentrate ones, however, COA was more sensitive than CIE in identifying PRP (86% vs 43%). Overall, COA was able to detect PRP in 23/23 (100%), but CIE in 20/23 (87%).
In serial specimens, PRP was detected up to the seventh hospital day in CSF, and up to the fifteenth day in five-fold concentrated urine by COA after starting appropriate antimicrobial treatment. By using COA, therefore, the causative organism may be identified in the cases with partially treated culture-negative meningitis.
Pn Meningitis: Polysaccharide capsular antigens were detected in five out of eight cases (63%) by COA, and seven out of eight cases (88%) by CIE using Difco antisera in CSF obtained within the first hospital day. Therefore, COA showed less sensitivity than CIE in identifying Pn capsular antigens.
In one case caused by Pn type 14, Pn antigen was not detected by CIE, but was detected by COA.
From these results, I think that COA is a very useful tool for the rapid etiological diagnosis of bacterial meningitis in childhood.

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A multi-clinical double-blind study was conducted to examine the therapeutic effects and safety ofsuprofen, p-2-thenoyl-hydratropic acid, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, in comparison withaspirin on acute upper respiratory infection.
Patients with acute upper respiratory infection were divided into two groups, one with suprofen 300mg/day, and the other with aspirin 1, 500mg/day, each group being treated for 4 days. The resultsas follows:
1. Treated and statistically analyzed cases were 104 with suprofen group and 103 with aspiringroup, 207 as total. Drop-out and excluded cases were 4 with suprofen group and 12 with aspirin group.
2. On final global improvement rating score and global utility rating score, suprofen group wassignificantly superior to aspirin group (p<0.05).
3. In improvement of severity rating score on sore throat, cough and pharynx redness on 3rd day, suprofen group were significantly superior to aspirin group (p<0.05).
4. Side effects were reported 3 cases in suprofen group and 7 cases in aspirin group, and nosignificantly difference was shown between the two groups.
From the forgoing results, it can be concluded that suprofen is a useful drug for the treatment ofan acute upper respiratory infection and that the therapeutic efficiency and safety on suprofenadministration were better than aspirin administration.

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The clinical efficacy and safety of Netilmicin (NTL) and Sisomicin (SISO) were compared in thisrandamized, double-blind study of 226 patients with respiratory tract infections.
Patients were assigned to treatment with either 100mg of NTL or 75mg of SISO by intramuscularinjection twice a day for 7 to 14 days.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) Patients subject to analysis: One hundred and eighty-nine patients were adopted for evaluationof clinical efficacy by committee members. Of these patients, 96 were treated with NTL and 93 with SISO. The number of patients treated with NTL and SISO was, respectively, 63 and 57 inpneumonia, 0 and 2 in pulmonary abscess, and 33 and 34 in chronic respiratory tract infections.
Two hundreds and seventeen patients were adopted for analysis of clinical efficacy by controllersafter judgement of clinical efficacy by doctors in charge. Of these patients, 107 were treated with NTLand 110 with SISO. The number of patients treated with NTL and SISO was 80 and 70 in pneumonia, 5 and 12 in pulmonary abscess, and 22 and 28 in chronic respiratory tract infections, respectively.
2) Clinical efficacy: The clinical efficacy rate (excellent and good responses) in all cases judgedby committee members was 65% in NTL group and 71% in SISO group, respectively. For pneumoniathe efficacy rate was 79% in NTL group and 75% in SISO group, with no significant difference betweenthe two. For chronic respiratory tract infections the efficacy rate was 36% in NTL group and 65% in SISO group, and difference was significant (p<0.05).
The clinical efficacy rate in all cases judged by doctors in charge was 67% in NTL group and 67%in SISO group, respectively. For pneumonia the efficacy rate was 74% in NTL group and 73% in SISOgroup. For pulmonaly abscess the efficacy rate was 80% in NTL group and 42% in SISO group. Forchronic respiratory tract infections the efficacy rate was 41% in NTL group and 64% in SISO group. Overall, or judged by doctors in charge there was no statistical difference between NTL and SISO.
3) Degree of symptomatic improvement: There was no statistically significant difference in thedegree of improvement.
4) Bacteriological efficacy: There was no significant difference in the bacteriological efficacy.
5) Adverse reactions: The adverse reactions of NTL group and SISO group were similar in typeand frequency, except that the eosinophilia was observed significantly more frequently in patientstreated with NTL than in those with SISO (p<0.1), judged by committee members.
6) Utility: There was no significant difference in the utility judged by doctors in charge.

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