We evaluated the effects of human gamma globulin preparations (S-sulfonated: GGS, polyethylenglycol-treated: GGPEG) and monoclonal antibody (Mab-1: against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Fisher immunotype 1 lipopolysaccharide) using the luminol enhanced chemiluminescence respone of mouse whole blood stimulated by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae or P. aeruginosa. Mab-1 and GGPEG for P. aeruginosa (A-14, E-7), GGPEG for E. coli No.94 showed the high chemiluminescence response of whole blood, but GGS was the low chemiluminescence response for these strains. The results were related to the antibody titer for each strain. Mab-1 and GGPEG which had the high response of chemiluminescence showed the significant protective effect on experimental bacterial infection in mice, and the enhancing effect of phagocytosis by mouse neutrophils.

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies in 19 samples of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations were titrated by various serological methods. In so doing, sensitivity of tests were compared and antibody titers determined by each test were standardized by simultaneous titration of a standard.
CMV antibody preparation (PE standard) supplied by Paul Ehrlich Institute.
CMV antibody titers were high in the following order; i.e., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA), complement fixation (CF), indirect immunoperoxidase (IIP) and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) tests. Antibody titers determined by ELISA, IIP, and IIF, respectively, correlated to each other. Antibody titers determined by IIP and IIF varied greatly and depended on whether only nuclear inclusion body was used as the target antigen or cytoplasmicinclusion body as well as nuclear inclusion body was employed. However, the cytoplasmic inclusion body bound nonspecifically human. IgG and thus it gave rise to a false-positive reaction by IIP or IIF. Therefore, nuclear antigen (s) was prepared and used for ELISA and CF, as well.
CMV antibody titers of pepsin or plasmin-degraded immunoglobulins were low by ELISA and CF, and especially antibody activity of plasmin-degraded products was undetectable by IHA.
CMV antibody titers of the PE standard was also dependent on the test employed. However, including the PE standard in each test, an antibody titer determined by any titration method was standardized and expressed in terms of PE unit. Thus, the PE unit may be used as an international unit to compare CMV antibody titers determined under different conditions of immunoglobulins of different sources prepared by different procedures.

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The usefulness of FITC-labeled monoclonal antibodies against HSV-1 and HSV-2 (MicroTrak HSV-1/HSV-2 Direct Specimen Identification/Typing Test and Culture Confirmation Test) for the identification of fresh HSV isolates and for the detection of HSV infection in clinical specimens was studied.
The Culture Confirmation Test identified 136 out of 137 known HSV-1 strains (99.4%) isolated in Japan as HSV-1 strains (99.4%) and all of 117 known HSV-2 strains as HSV-2.
Ninety nine out of 122 (81.8%) clinical specimens obtained from culture proven herpetic lesions were determined as HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection by Direct Specimen Identification/Typing test.
Sixteen clinical specimens obtained from culture negative lesions were positive for HSV antigen and were diagnosed as herpetic lesions.
Though its sensitivity is somewhat lower than that of culture method, it gives results within 2 hours after specimen receipt, indicating that it is very useful for rapid diagnosis of HSV infection.

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In order to clarify the incidence of importation of enteroviruses, we tried virus isolation from the stool of 181 oversea passengers with diarrhea and from the sewage of planes arrived at Nagoya International Airport from 1983 to 1985.
To disclose the extent of dissemination, antibody prevalence to the serotypes of the isolated enteroviruses was studied in sera collected from residents of Aichi Prefecture.
1. In the three year period from 1983 to 1985, two strains of enteroviruses, echo type 1 and type 29 were isolated separately from toilet sewage of 42 planes. Both planes were from Philippines.
2. Five strains; Cox. B4, B5, 2 of echo 1 and unidentified virus were isolated from the stool of the passengers.
3. These five strains were isolated from Japanese, who had traveled Southeast Asia during the rainy season.
4. As the historical background, Cox. B4 and Cox. B5 have been commonly isolated during an active surveillance on enteroviruses conducted in Aichi Prefecture. However, echo 1 has been rarely and echo 29 has never been isolated in the 21 year period of the study.
5. Serologically, antibody prevalence rate was very low to echo 1 and 29 in Aichi Prefecture, which suggests that the spread of these viruses has not occurred and the inhabitants are easily infected during their stay in the prevalent countries. The careful investigation on the importation of such enteroviruses seems necessary.

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The incidence of the antibody to the adult T-cell leukemia-associated antigen (ATLA) was surveyed in 237 kidney transplant recipients. 17 recipients (7.2%) were seropositive. There is an tendency that they were found more frequently in so-called ATL-endemic areas.
The recipients who had been transfused with more than 40 units of blood has higher anti-ATLA antibody positive rate (13.7%). However, this incidence was of no significant difference from that of the chronic hemodialysis patients who underwent also transfusion with more than 40 units. Kidney transplant operation and immunosuppressive treatment seemed to have no obvious effect on seroconversion in these recipients.
No ATL patients were found in seropositive recipients. However, there is an apparent tendency that the incidence of infection after kidney transplant operation were clearly higher in seropositive recipients (35.3%) than seronegative recipients (8.2%).

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During the period from March 28 to July 12 1985, a group of Enterobacter cloacae strains, which showed the same code number of the identificaiton kit (ID test EB-20: Nissui) and showed the resistance to many antibiotics, were isolated successively from a total of 14 inpatients in a community hospital in Gifu city.
Twelve out of 14 patients had indewelling catheters or drainage for the treatment of underlying disease. A total of 14 isolates of E. cloacae were compared each other and with 30 strains which were isolated previously in this hospital about the epidemiological markers such as biovar, bacteriocin type, antibiogram, agarose gel profile of plasmids and PAGE profile of soluble cellular proteins.
All the isolates from the outbreak was shown to have the same biovar and bacteriocin type according to the commercial identification kits (ID test EB-20 and API 50 CHE) and the bacteriocin typing methods described by Traub and their associates, respectively.
The antibiogram, plasmid profile and soluble protein profile were shown to be slightly different among 14 isolates derived from this outbreak. When these isolates were analysed in details according to all the markers tested in this study, 14 isolates were demonstrated to be classified as 4 different kinds of group.
This study suggested that the biotyping, bacteriocin typing, antibiogram and plasmid profile were very useful to analyse the outbreak of nosocomial infections due to E. cloacae

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We examined the effect of the slime isolated from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus on the functions of phagocytes.
The slime showed high cytotoxicity to phagocytes of mouse, guinea pig and rabbit. The activity of NBT reduction, chemotactic activity and Phagocytic killing activity on Escherichia coli were suppressed by the addition of relatively small amounts of the slime to mouse leukocytes. It is suggested that the slime induced the enhancement of virulence of other species, because of suppression of the function of phagocytes.

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Since an incidence of malaria has been low in Japan, few drug for malaria is registered, therefore it is difficult for clinicians to get some antimalarial drugs when patients from abroad have acute symptoms of malaria. To improve this trouble, the Study Group on Pharmcotherapy for Imported tropical Diseases has been organized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Japan) in 1980. For these six years, chloroquine phosphate (Resochin, Bayer or Aralen, Winthlop) has been administered to 104 cases of malaria. In this report, 42 cases of Japanese were discussed; ten cases were infected with falciparum malaria and the others were with vivax one. A therapeutic dose of chloroquine was 1, 500 mg (base).
It was found by laboratory examinations of blood smears that chloroquine was effective to clear the parasitemia in all cases. One patient out of 30 ones with vivax malaria recurred twice, although they had received radical treatment with primaquine. Adverse reactions were observed in three cases; liver injury, skin eruption and photophobia. The relationship between chloroquine and the side effects was not clear. On the other hand, such abnormalities in laboratory examination were found after chloroquine was administered, such as elevation of ESR (3 cases), leukocytosis (11 cases), and elevated values of serum transaminase (GOT; 4 cases and GPT; 3 cases). In this trial, it is estimated that chloroquine is an effective and relatively safty drug for Japaneses cases of imported malaria.

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A total of 1, 393 patients with traveller's diarrhoea were examined at Osaka Airport Quarantine station from January to December in 1985. Among them, Kanagawa phenomenon-negative V. parahaemolyticus O3: K6 was isolated with considerable frequency from patients who had visited Maldives.
The bacteriological and epidemiological study on the organism revealed the following features:
1) Vibrio partahaemolyticus was isolated from 23.5% of the patients who had visited Maldives. As much as 911% of such V. parahaemolyticus isolates did not exhibit Kanagawa phenomenon. The serovars of the Kanagawa phenomenon-negative strains were all O3: K6. They did not produce the thermostable direct hemolysin detectable by an ELISA assay and did not posesses the gene encoding the hemolysin.
2) The Kanagawa phenomenon-negative isolates were indistinguishable from Kanagawa phenomenon-positive V. parahaemolyticus by biochemical characteristics and drug sensitivities.
3) All the Kanagawa phenomenon-negative isolates tested induced fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loops:
4) The main symptoms of the patients were severe diarrhoea with waterly stool, abdominal pain, vomiting, and no fever.
5) The organism was isolated between May and July. and it's source was suspected to be fresh sea foods in Maldives.

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The significance of fibronectin in pneumonias was studied. The conclusions were as followes:
1) Plasma fibronectin in healthy subjects was measured 320±69μg/ml. The value was decreased to 210±45μg/ml in moderately advanced bacterial pneumonia and further to 102±50μg ml in the far advanced cases. With respect to the clinical course of the pneumonia patients, the values in surviving cases transiently decreased to about 200μg/ml at the most active phase of pneumonic inflammation, they then gradually increased to the normal level as the patient recovered. However, the values in deceased cases significantly dropped to the minimum level of 100μg/ml, and the patients cases were died of pneumonia within several days.
In the experimental rabbit pneumonia with E. coli inoculation, plasma fibronectin also decreased with the advancement of pneumonic lesions.
Based on these observations, plasma fibronectin appears to have some significant relation to the severity and the prognosis of pneumonia. Plasma fibronectin may therfore become one of the useful diagnostic markers to determine the severity of pneumonia and predict patient prognosis.
2) From the observations by immuno-enzyme method in experimental pneumonia, fibronectin was significantly localized on inflammatory sites in lung tissue, paticulary in the exudative fluid, inflammatory cells and swollen alveolar walls. On the other hand, fibronectin was not so dominant in normal tissue. Fibronectin may be consumed at pneumonic lesions thereby reducing plasma fibronectin in a pneumonic state.
3) Fibronectin was in vitro proteolytically degraded to “treated fibronectin” by releasing products from PMNs. The adhesion of PMNs to treated fibronectin was stronger than that to native fibronectin.
The adhesiveness of S. pneumoniae and K. pneumoniae, potentially the causative organisms of primary pneumonia, to treated fibronectin was very weak. However, the adhesiveness of H. influenzae, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, frequent pathogens in secondary pneumonia, was much stronger. These reuslts suggested that fibronectin bears some relation with the occurence of bacterial pneumonia and acts as a host defence agent.

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The efficacy of a gamma-globulin (γ-gl) preparation was studied in vitro bacterial phagocyte system and in experimental bacterial infection of normal and compromised mice.
1) The γ-gl enhanced phagocytosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae by human neutrophils in vitro.
2) The concomitant use of γ-gl with antibiotics produced stronger antibacterial effect than antibiotics only against Pseudomonas aeruginosa septic infections in mice. The earlier the stage of infection was, the greater the effect of γ-gl was, the protective effect of γ-gl administration was comfirmed. The effect of γ-gl decreasd markedly after y-gl was absorbed with the bacteria used for experimental infections in mice.
3) The concomitant effect of c-gl with antibiotics was evaluated in Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in leukemic mice treated with cyclophosphamide (LC mice), a compromised host model. LC mice showed remarkable leukopenia, low IgG and disitnct decrease of foot pat reaction against PPD. However, the therapeutic effect of antibiotics against experimental Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in LC mice was improved markedly by concomitant use of γ-gl.

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Classical techniques for the isolation of C. tetani appear even in the most recent textbooks, because few investigations have been made in this area in recent years. A reappraisal of the isolation methods of C. tetani, including the use of GAM (Gifu Anaerobic Medium), which is commonly used but hitherto unexplored for this purpose, appeared to be important in view of some conflicting results reported in the literature. The following cultural conditions were reappraised:
i) Media for enrichment culture and the duration of incubation, ii) media for isolation of C. tetani from the enrichment culture employing agar slant media, and iii) the recovery rate of C. tetani from the enrichment medium employing the optimal agar slant medium. As samples from which C. tatani is isolated usually contain other bacteria, we studied the isolation of C. tetani mixed experimentally with other bacteria, employing different media under several conditions. The following results were obtained:
1) The analysis of the growth curves of C. tetani, cultured simultaneously with E. coli, Streptococcus sp., group G, S. aureus and C. perfringens, revealed that GAM broth is the best medium as compared with the liver, cooked meat and thioglycollate broth media recommended by others.
2) GAM, blood and heart infusion agar slant media were equally useful for the isolation of C. tetani from the mixed culture with E. coli. There was no indication that GAM agar medium inhibited the swarming of C. tatani. The swarming colonies of C. tetani were more easily detected when the GAM agar slant was used than when the blood agar slant medium was used.
3) Glucose in the heart infusion agar medium inhibited the swarming of C. tetani at a concentration of 1%, and both growth and swarming of C. tetani were inhibited when the concentration of glucose was raised to 2%. In view of this finding, Zeissler's medium, which contains 2% glucose is not recommended for this purpose.
C. tetani failed to be recovered from samples mixed with Streptococcus sp., group G or with C. perfringens, even when GAM agar slant medium was used, when the dose of C. tetani added to the broth was not sufficiently large.
C. tetani must reach a certain level of density to be recovered from mixed cultures, and by means of plural, not a singular agar slant media. This is particularly important when clinical, soil and stool samples which are contaminated with an unknown number of bacterial species are subjected to isolation.

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