Five tenths ml of passive protective antibodies in 100 samples of normal human sera against challenge with an encapsulated strain ST67P of Staphylococcus hyicus in mice were examined. Thirty three of them passively protected in mice against infection with strain ST67P of S. hyicus. The activities were sensitive to 2-mercaptoethanol and were absorbed out either with rabbit anti-human IgG, IgM or IgA serum. Also, the serum activities were absorbed out with cell surface polysaccharide extracted from the cell surface substance of the strain. When passive protective human serum was absorbed out with cell surface polysaccharide, reduction of IgG, IgA and IgM contents were 14.48, 19.49 and 33.3 percent, respectively, while 2.17, 4, 55 and zero in non protective human serum.
These results indicate that the protective activities against strain ST67P were specifically related to IgM globulin against the above cell surface polysaccharide.

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The changes of microbial burdens of six patients with leukemia (four patients with acute luekemia; two patients with chronic leukemia) were studied before and after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) under protected isolation. Oral nonabsorbable and topical antibotics were administered prophylactically to all patients. Under a protected evironment, genus and species number of intestinal microbial flora were not so decreased in all patients who were treated with antibiotics, but no episodes of severe septicemia were detected due to intestinal microbial flora. From many previous reports, the same pathogen was isolated from both blood culture and stool in the patients with septicemia, however, no septicemia developed in our cases in spite of residue of many intestinal bacteriae. These data have demonstrated a significant advantage of treatment with protectd isolation and intensive antibiotic prophylaxis through oral, topical and intravenous administration for severe infection prevention.

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The antibodies against Diphtheria toxin in human sera were measured by the ELISA method and the antitoxin titer was calculated using the parallel line assay method which is a quantitative bioassay method. The reproducibility of this method and the comparison of the titer between this method and cell culture method were proven. The dose response curve of standard antiserum and test serum calculated by the parallel line assay method showed linearity, and the regression line of the test serum was parallel to the standard serum. The coefficients of varience (CV) of the antitoxin titers obtained from triplicate measurements of 3 serum samples ranged from 9.1 to 36.0%. The serum at low titer gave a higher CV level.
A good correlation was observed between the Diphtheria antitoxin titer by the neutralizing test in cultured cells and that measured by ELISA by the parallel line assay method. The coefficient of regression was 0.996 and the coefficient of the correlation was 0.899.

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We determined the presence or absence of rotavirus antigen by the enzyme-immunoassay in 126 fecal specimens obtained from infants with acute gastroenteritis, and also measured IgA antibody titers against rotavirus in stool samples.
Rotavirus-positive specimens amounted to 72.
Thirty-five specimens in 126 stool samples were found to contain the IgA antibody against rotavirus.
The IgA antibody against rotavirus was detected in 21% and 44% of fecal specimens obtained from age groups of less than 3 years and 3 years or more, respectively, showing a significant difference between these 2 groups. The geometric mean titer of specific IgA antibody was also higher in the latter group than in the former. This specific IgA antibody was detected in 32% and 22% of boys and girls, respectively, showing a tendency of high incidence among boys. The detection rate of specific IgA antibody was significantly higher in rotavirus-negative fecal specimens (41%) than in rotaviruspositive fecal specimens (18%).
As for infants having the rotavirus antigen in their feces, their symptoms were severe in many of the infants at the age of less than 3 years, while many of the infants at the age of 3 years or more only had mild symptoms. There was a significant difference between the 2 age groups. When these infants were analyzed according to the presence or absence of specific IgA antibody in their feces, no difference in scores of severity of clinical symptoms was seen between the 2 groups. However, IgA antibodynegative infants more frequently had fever, over 39°C and significantly more developed whitish and waterly stool in comparison with IgA antibody-positive infants. On the other hand, diarrhea persisting for more than 5 days was more frequently observed in specific IgA antibody-positive infants than in IgA antibody-negative infants.
Although these results indicate that the IgA antibody against rotavirus in feces helps toward the prevention of infection as well as the abatement of clinical symptoms, we postulate that other factors might be also involved in these mechanisms because it is unlikely if we think that this antibody acts alone.

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To determine of Chlamydia pneumoniae, TWAR infection is common in Japan. The author performed a spot antibody prevalence study of adults and children living in Okayama prefecture. This study was carried out by microplate immunofluorescence antibody tchnique (MFA) using in situ inclusions of Chlamydia pneumoniae (TW-183), Chlamydia trachomatis (L₂) and Chlamydia psittaci (Cal 10) as antigens respectively. And each chlamydial antiserum IgG, IgA, IgM titers were determined by the dilution and point for specific staining of the inclusions. The author studied people with and without evidence of acute respiratory infections, as determined by physical examination and medical history.
2050 sera of 1477 cases were collected from both groups between 1987 and 1989. The criteria for judgement the positivity of antibodies to chlamydia species are as follows: By comparing the IgG antibody titers determined with different chlamydia antigen, a case was regarded as having an antibody specific to a paticular chlamydia species when the titer was hightest for that strain and the titer was greater than ×64. In cases which blood was collected more than once, the point in time at which IgG showed the highest titer was used.
TWAR specific antibody was detected to be 52/143 cases (36.4%) of healthy children (age 0-15) and 319/531 cases (60.1%) of healthy adults (age 16-85). It was also detected to be 134/478 cases (27.9%) of child patients with acute respiratory infections (age 0-15), and 231/325 cases (71.1%) of adult patients (age 16-95). In adult patient group, the rate of carrying the TWAR specific antibodies was significantly higher (p<0.01), and also high titer IgG (×512≤) and IgA (×128≤) were significantly higher (p<0.001) than thiese in control group. As for differences between sexes in carrying of the TWAR specific antibody, no significant difference was noted between two groups in children and adults. Primary seroconversion was observed at around age 6 and then rapidly increased in number (more than 60%) up to age 15. From the results, it is likely that Chlamydia pneumoniae is very commonly prevalent and plays a role as one of the pathogens of acute respiratory infections in Japan as well.

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We reported the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) on mice with ascending pyelonephritis induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G-group). In the cyclophosphamide-treated neutropenic mice, the prophylactic administration of G-CSF (2μg/day/mouse) yielded a lower incidence of infection than that of saline alone. However, the therapeutic administration of G-CSF (2μg/day/mouse) did not produce decreases of the rate, suggesting that this type of administration had no effect on infection.
Thus, we investigated the effect of the combination therapy of G-CSF and Amikacin. In neutropenic mice, the therapeutic administration of G-CSF alone and Amikacin (20 mg/kg) alone did not produce decreases of incidence of infection. But, combination administration of these yeielded a lower incidence of infection.
These results suggest that synergy of bactericidal effects of neutrophils accelarated by G-CSF with Amikacin, and a combination of these have a therapeutic effect on bacterial infection in neutropenic mice.

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A computer simulation of a Kidney-bladder model was prepared for automatic control of the urine concentration of antibactrial drug administrated. The following results were obtained in an investigation of the problems of complicated cystitis in vitro using ofloxacin.
1) It was suggested that the time required for elimination of the bacteria was prolonged as the level of complication of the disease state in the urinary tract increased.
2) In the model of highly complicated cystitis caused by urinary flow stagnation, recurrences were observed in vitro even with administration of a large dose of ofloxacin.
3) The time required for a elimination of bacteria tended to become shorter as the dose of the antibacterial agent increased.
4) The time until the start of regrowth of the bacteria tended to be prolonged as the dose of the antibacterial agent increased.
5) It was suggested by our in vitro experiment that if the background disease became more complicated, it would be more difficult to treat, as in the case of complicated cystitis.

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The Kyusyu district is known as an endemic area of HTLV-I. But the prevalence of anti-ATLA in Saga prefecture was reportedly relatively low.
In this study, in order to determine the distribution of antibody to ATL-associated antigen (anti-ATLA) in the Karatsu and Higashimatsuura districts of the northern Kyusyu, the determination of anti-ATLA status of patients in Karatsu Red Cross Hospital was carried out from September to October, 1985. Sera from 757 patients were tested for presence of anti-ATLA by Enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) prepared by Eisai Co., Ltd. Tokyo, Japan.
Results obtained are as follows:
1) Overall prevalence of anti-ATLA was 13.7 per cent (104 of 757 individuals). Prevalence of anti-ATLA increased with age, reaching a maximum of 21.1 per cent for people from 60 to 69 years old.
2) Prevalence of anti-ATLA was 9.5 per cent (36 of 376) in males and 17.8 per cent (68 of 381) in females. A significant difference by sex was recognized. (p<0.001)
3) The positive rates of patients with non-malignant diseases were high in the Chinzei, Hizen, and Hamatama areas facing the Sea of Genkai. The positive rate of the seaside area was significantly higher than that of the mountain area. (pp<0.001)
4) Anti-ATLA was most prevalent in the patients with neoplasms (26.1%). The positive rate of ATL patients was 100 per cent, and that of patients with malignancies other than ATL was 25.9 per cent.
These results suggest that HTLV-I infection is likely to increase the incidence of other types of malignancy.

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Fourty eight patients with falciparum malaria (14) and vivax malaria (34) were evaluated retrospectively as to whether DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) had been complicated or not. Serum concentration of fibrin-degradation products (FDP) was elevated in 8 cases (57%) of falciparum malaria and 3 cases (9%) of vivax malaria. Thrombocytopenia was found in 12 cases (88%) of falciparum malaria and in 30 cases (86%) of vivax malaria. Prothrombin time elongated in 4 cases (8%) and plasma concentration of fibrinogen decreased in 3 cases (17%). Only 4 patients, all of them were infected with falciparum malaria and all of three cases of cerebral malaria were included, met the criteria for the diagnosis of DIC complication and one case in vivax malaria as suspected of the DIC. Abnormality grades in FDP concentration has closest association with DIC among the coagulation tests, therefore FDP test is indispensable for checking complication of DIC in malaria cases. The clinical profiles of 3 cases of cerebral malaria complicated with DIC are presented in this report.

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The titration of C. trachomatis antibodies (IgG, IgM and IgA) in sera obtained from antigen positive 220 men and 56 women, and antigen negative 384 men and 170 women was carried out by the method of microplate immunofluoresecence antibody (MFA). Positive rates of the three class antibodies in antigen positive women were meaningfully higher than those in antigen positive men. Average IgG titer in antigen positive women was significantly higher than that in antigen positive men. Identical result was also obtained, when IgG titers were compared for sera collected from 93 couples.

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Since the first description of Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) was published, the elevation of serum cold hemagglutinin (CHA) titer in patients with DPB has been reported, but the mechanism of its elevation is not yet clear.
We investigated the relationship between the CHA titer and the indexes of inflammation (CRP, ESR, WBC, α₂-gl, γ-gl), immnoglobulin, bacterial species cultured from sputum in 24 cases with DPB.They were diagnosed clinically as DPB by the criteria of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare.
We found no correlation between CHA titer and CRP, ESR, WBC, α₂-gl, γ-gl, but there were significant correlations between the change of CHA titer and IgA, IgM. Additionally, CHA titers which were measured when Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured from sputum in patients with DPB were markedly high levels.
These results suggest that the elevation of CHA titer does not reflect the degree of inflammations, and it occurs by immnological abnormalities.

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In the previous report, we showed that the reticuloendothelial system (RES), especially the liver, played an important role in the etiology of bacteremia or sepsis as the major protective system.
In this study, to investigate the role of Kupffer cells in the etiology of bacteremia, we isolated and cultured murine Kupffer cells using a technique involving perfusion with collagenase and DNase.
We compared the adherence and phagocytosis rate of two groups of isolated bacteria from bacteremic mice by these cells. One group was bacteria causing systemic bacteremia consisted of P. aeruginosa and M. morganii, and the other was bacteria causing portal bacteremia consisted of E. coli, E. cloacae, K pneumoniae and Enterococci.
As a consequence, the following facts were revealed.
1. The bacterial phagocytosis and adherence rate by Kupffer cells were significantly higher in bacteria causing portal bacteremia than in bacteria causing systemic bacteremia. These data were correlated to each blood clearance rate from mice.
2. Blood clearance rate reflected mainly adherence of Kupffer cells to bacteria, and it was suggested that these adherence were one of the most important factor to protect the hosts from the advance of bacteremia from the portal to the systemic.
3. In the case of using peritoneal macrophage, we couldn't find the same correlation, so the possibility was suggested that the above penomenon was specific to Kupffer cells.

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We described a 8-month-old boy of massive hemorrhagic enteritis due to rotavirus complicated by shock. As far as we know, this case is the first patient who developed vascular collapse from the gastrointestinal tract bleeding by rotavirus infection. Clinicians should be alerted to the possibility of the occurrence of severe hemorrhagic enteritis as a life threatening complication in rotavirus induced enteritis.

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A novel bacterium, Protomonas extorquens was isolated from sputum, pleural effusion and ascitis in four cases of pulmonary infection by buffered charcoal yeast extract agar (B-CYE) which was generally used for Legionella spp.
Three cases were so-called immunocompromised hosts (2 malignant diseases, 1 renal failure), and they died from underlying diseases. Protomonas extorquens was newly named by Komagata in 1984, which was characterized by production of pink pigment, growth in methanol medium and positive production of oxidase and catalase. This organism is ordinarily isolated from soil and dead leaves. This is the first report for isolation of P. extorquens from clinical specimens in Japan and it seems to have a significant role in immunocompromised hosts.

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