In organizations, or societies, individuals are specialized as agents by embedding their decision-making rules in the structure of organizational design, and their activities are coordinated under the authority or other communication devices. The range of decisions and responsibilities assigned to agents is specified, and at the same time, is consciously or unconsciously limited. This study proposes a quasi-computational model of cognitive processes and knowledge in organizations in which certain pathological phenomenon of cognitive blocking may appear. Agents embedded in organizational context suffer from internal conflict between their wants and requirements, and sometimes ignore signals that imply the ethical issues or injustices. Combined with the elimination by tolerance, and linking to inverse resolution, the phenomenon of cognitive blocking is modeled as a version of the centipede game, an agent extension of Prolog. Tolerance indirectly controls the agent’s reasoning; the notion of “a feeling of responsibility for the effect of one’s actions on others” is modeled and is expected to be the basis for AI programs with self-concept, acceptance of authority, responsibility, and reliance.

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It is widely known that during the interwar period in Japan, consumption society was formed, and travel and hiking became popular for leisure. This paper focuses on the activities of intra-company clubs in Tokyo to clarify the actual activities and their motivations to reveal the consumption society in the interwar period. An analysis of the 1930s activity records of Chiyoda life insurance company athletic association’s mountain club, reveals that the club members paid their own expenses for their activities. This included day trips and overnight trips on weekends, and extended expeditions during summer and new year holidays. Most of the activities were similar to hiking, with most of the members climbing medium to low mountains in the suburbs Tokyo. Most of the club members were men, but some women also participated. The means of transportation was public transportation such as trains and buses. Railroad lines that opened during the interwar period often passed through mountainous areas and made hikers easily accessible to the mountains. Furthermore, the motivation for the activities showed that the club members liked to participate on their own and enjoyed hiking in their leisure time. Travel and hiking, which were popular in the interwar period, were actively practiced as leisure activities of the new middle class of office workers, which this paper founds to be the bearers of a consumption society.

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