Annual Report of The Kansai Plant Protection Society

Problems of breeding of insects for biological assay of insecticides. ILIII.

Number of larval molts and growth of head capsule in successive instars of the Yokote race of the Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L.

Sumio NAGASAWA, Isamu NAKAYAMA

1967 Volume 9 Pages 1-5
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_1

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Larvae of the Yokote race of the Gypsy moth, Lymantria disbar L., were reared separately on leaves of persimmon, and the number of moulting was determined by the exuviae of head capsules. The females molted five or six times and the males molted four or five times. The relations of log-width of head capsule to instar number were represented by curvilinear equations shown in Table 3.

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On the effect of chemical control of rice bacterial leaf blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae

J. NISHIMURA, T. UTO

1967 Volume 9 Pages 6-14
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_6

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Field trials were carried out toevaluate the ability of two bactericides and the effect of killing wild host plants by herbicides to control rice bacterial leaf bright (caused by Xanthornonas oryzae).
Two applications of Celocydine at 700 times at head sprouting were more effective than the sprays at other stages in rice plant. When it was sprayed four times at different stages, later appication gave better results than earlier application in control of bacterium, but it was associated with a reduced yield.
The effect of Shirahagen applied twice at 500 times at nursery stage and at 750 times at field stage was superior to single application at field stage.
The number of bacteriophages in irrigation water of paddy field and rice plants was markedly reduced by the spray at nursery stage. In the field, the spray at later stage was more effective than the earlier use. Shirahagen inhibited the initial growth of rice plant at nursery stage, but it was not toxic to the plant. It showed no detrimental effect in yield by the spray at field stage.
From the time of initial infection, 25 grs/a, 50 grs/a Celocydine, 25 grs/a, 50 grs/a Shirahagen, and 200grs/a, 300grs/a Similton were applied to irrigation water of field in three times. All these treatments were equally effective, but slightly inferior to spray of Celocydine. While these treatments gave better results in yield. The use of these bactericides after infection was ineffective and reduced the yield.
Treatments with 300 grs/a ATA and 300 grs/a DPA completely killed the wild host plants (Sayanukagusa :Leersia oryzoides Sw. var japonica Hack.) of this disease at about one month after spray. The disease was suppressed in the field irrigated by water through the canal treated around with herbicides.

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Studies on the Insect Association in Crop Field 38

Seasonal Change of Nutritional Compositions in Adult Coccinella septempunctata bruckii MULSANT

Syôzô HUKUSIMA, Yôji MORI

1967 Volume 9 Pages 15-20
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_15

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In a previous paper, the influence of different aphid species as food on the nutritional composition of Coccinella septempunctata bruckii MULSANT, which is one of the most useful aphidophagous lady-birds in Japan, was chiefly presented (HUKUSIMA and WATANABE, 1966). In connection with this aspect, in the present article, it would be interesting to know how nutritional natures of aphidophagous coccinellids would vary seasonally. Because information on these problems of coccinellids is so scanty, and their nutritional needs are very imperfectly understood at the same time.
The data in Table 2 show that although there was a slight difference in the time attained seasonally to a point of highest level in sugar content between males and females of lady-birds, but, as a rule, it significantly increased from March toward summer season, and remained at a lower level in winter proportionally. As will be seen in Table 3, in the fat content, on the other hand, there is a general tendency that this nutrient greatly increased in quantity as the season advanced regardless of sexual difference as might be expected, and the higher level of content was always seen in the end of autumn or winter. This situation seems to be especially important for the lady-birds to survive and hibernate until following season.
Moreover, as is given in Table 4, a greater proportion of protein content was seen in around autumn in both adults of male and female, though the lesser amounts of such an essential composition did not necessarily observe in the same season in the both sexes. Taken in conjunction with these courses of protein, it is pointed out that variational process of protein content would seem quite similar to the seasonal fluctuation of amino acid which was estimated in the foregoing investigation (HUKUSIMA and WATANABE, 1966), went through extensive testing before achieving the success. Although the data on this point are not complete, it is felt that the results indicate an approach which may be helpful in future studies of nutrition in aphidophagous lady-birds.

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Control of Rice Stem Borer by Dissolving Insecticides in Irrigation Water. (3)

Soil Absorption of γ-BHC in Paddy Field

Hidejiro KOJIMA

1967 Volume 9 Pages 21-25
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_21

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It is already reported the test results on the control of the rice stem borer (Chiro Suppressalis Walker) by dissolution of the γ-BHC granular preparation in irrigation water, in the Report as a part of the studies on the effective application of insecticides in paddy rice fields. And in case of γ-BHC application of 3kg/10a, the γ-BHC concentration in paddy field water reached its level 2.14ppm after one hour from application, and after 24hr decreased rapidly 0.36ppm.
In this report, the investigation were under-taken to elucidate the soil absorption of dissolved γ-BHC in paddy field water. The results obtained were as follows;
1. In the laboratory test, the absorbed quantity of γ-BHC in treated soil were found to be about 30% after 6hr for initial concentration and 40% after 24hr, after then increased gradually.
2. It seemed that dissolved γ-BHC in paddy field water had a tendency to be absorbed on soil particles, and the absorbed amounts of γ-BHC had contained 0.42ppm within 0-1cm, 0.15ppm in 1-3cm, 0.18ppm in 3-5cm and 0.17ppm in 5-7cm from top of the surface soil.
3. γ-BHC absorbed by the soil was continuously maintained under the natural condition (rainfall, 10days; 138.7mm) in out-door 19 days after the drainage.
4. The absorbed γ-BHC in soil were dissolved easily in paddy water by shaking. In addition, elution into paddy water of γ-BHC had a close correlation with water and soil-temperature. And dissolvable quantity of γ-BHC reached its maximum level after 3-6 days at 30°C, and after wards gradually decreased.

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Investigations on the insecticides to the white back planthopper, Sogatella furcifera HORVÁTH, the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens STÅL, and the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER

I. Effects of DDT

Kunio ENYO, Junji KOBAYASHI

1967 Volume 9 Pages 26-31
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_26

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(1) Investigations on the effects of the insecticides to the planthoppers were made at the time of the outbreaks of the white back planthopper, Sogatella furcifera HORVATH and the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata Lugens STAL in 1966. In this paper, the effects of DDT were dealt.
(2) The effects of 20% DDT emulsion to the white back and brown planthoppers applied with 200l per 10a by 400 times appear rapidly and continue till October by the application on 22nd, August.
(3) 20% DDT emulsions over 400 times have same effects, but the effects by 800 times are inferior.
(4) The effects of 5% DDT dust appear slowly and the recovery of the density is restrained from 10 days till 40 days after the application.
(5) DDT emulsion depresses the density of the green rice leafhopper to 1/7 compared with the control, but DDT dust has nearly no effects.

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Investigations on the insecticides to the white back planthopper, Sogatella furcifera HORVÁTH, the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens STÅL, and the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps UHLER

II. Effects of BHG, Diazinon, Sumithion and Lebaycid granules

Kunio ENYO, Junji KOBAYASHI

1967 Volume 9 Pages 32-34
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_32

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(1) The effects of BHC, Diazinon, Sumithion and Lebaycid granules to the planthoppers and leafhopper which are used to the rice stem borer were investigated.
(2) Lebaycid, Diazinon and Sumithion granules have superior effects to the white back planthopper at 3 days later of the application, but BHC granule shows its effects after 15 days.
(3) Lebaycid, Diazinon and BHC granules have superior effects to the brown planthopper until 6 days later of the application and BHC and Lebaycid granules show their effects still from 2 weeks till one month.
(4) The effects of Diazinon and Lebaycid granules to the green rice leaf hopper are great and rapid.

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The hibernation of citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella STAINTON

Masayoshi YOSHIDA, Takeo YASAKI

1967 Volume 9 Pages 35-41
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_35

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In order to make clear the hibernation of the citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella STAINTON, the authors examined the tolerance of larvae and pupae to low temperature using the individuals collected on 28th October and 15th December in 1965, and collected them periodically in the citrus orchard during the period from 28th October in 1965 to 5th April in 1966.
(1) The highest survival percentage examined was 68.5% at 0°C and this percentage decreased as the temperature became high. The reason seems to be that the citrus leaf damaged by the insect was desiccated and decomposed rapidly by high temperature.
(2) Through the whole period of collection pupae were collected abundantly, while the larvae were only collected till the end of December. The larvae collected in this period were almost nature. Therefore, it is considered that this insect was over-wintering at the pupal stage.
(3) Hibernating pupae were collected on the citrus shoot that grew in late autumn, and their density were remarkably high in the orchard managed badly. And in the well managed one, they were collected small too.
(4) Commonly, the chemical control to this insect is not carried out after October in Shizuoka district. But in the orchard of young tree, it is needed to spray chemicals till the end of autumn.
(5) The average date of emergence of pupae hibernated in 1966 winter was 5th of April, and their emergence was comparatively uniform. The budding of citrus leaves in spring of 1966 was 4th or 5th April and just coincided with the emergence of the insect.
(6) For the most appropriate control against this this insect, their complete destruction must be done at the begining period of their propagation, namely emergence period of the hibernated pupae.

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Studies on Chemical Control and Fungicidal Action to Plant Pathogenic Soil Fungi

II. Evaluation of Factors for Applying Modified ZENTMYER'S Method

Minoru TAKAHASHI, Yasuo KAWASE

1967 Volume 9 Pages 42-48
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_42

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ZENTMYER'S method using soil column will be fit for the laboratory method for testing soil fungicides. However, it still has problems encountered in cutting off soil column or solution of fungicide in the column, and in retarding fungicide. These problems of ZENTMYER'S method are improved by making a small hole (1mm in diam.) at the bottom of test tube. The present method is named the modified ZENTMYER'S method and a practical use of this method is discussed.
The size of soil particles in the column should be over 20 mesh and the test fungi were incubated on corn meal agar at 30°C for 2-5 days. When unautoclaved soil was used, one cannot be sure that the results are correct because of a contamination of the associating fungi; thus, soil column should autoclave at the pressure of 2kg/cm². It is important to use various kinds of soils to generalize the fungicidal action determined by this method. Inoculum disk placed in column can easily recovered by connecting the hole at the bottom of test tube with a water-pipe stopcock and the disk can be washed with a tap water.
The modified ZENTMYER'S method takes advantage of applying speedily and easily in screening the soil fungicides as compared with the original method.

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Rhizome Rot of Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Z. mioga Rosc. by Pythium Species

Kiichi KATSURA, Yoshiharu TANIOKA

1967 Volume 9 Pages 49-55
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_49

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A rhizome rot and damping off of mioga plant (Zingiber mioga Rosc.) occurred every year in summer in the mioga growing fields in Kyoto. The same disease was observed also on ginger plant (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in Kyoto and Shiga Prefectures. From these two species of plants was isolated a Pythium species which resembled morphologically P.zingiberum Takahashi.
Based on the results of artificial inoculation tests, with or without wounding, this Pythium sp. demonstrated severe pathogenicity on ginger and mioga plants. Meanwhile, isolates of bacteria which accompanied always with Pythium in the diseased tissues showed negative results. Fruits of cucumber, eggplant, tomato, and tubers of potato were found also to be susceptible to this Pythium by artificial inoculation.
In the host tissues of ginger and mioga plants, the mycelium of the fungus formed a swelling when in contact with the host cell wall before it penetrated the wall. Optimum temperature of mycelial growth and sexual organ formation of the fungus was 36°-40°C and 20°C, respectively. Studies on certain other morphological and physiological characters of the fungus were also performed.

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Movements of zoospores of Phytophthora capsici

IV. Taxises to plant roots and capillary tubes containing plant extracts

Yoshio MIYATA, Kiichi KATSURA, Mitsuru MIYAGOSHI

1967 Volume 9 Pages 56-61
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_56

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Tactic aggregations of zoospores of Phytophthora capsici Leon. towards the roots of seedlings or germinated seeds observed on many species of plants, both hosts (eggplant, green pepper, tomato, cucumber, and turnip) and nonhosts (carrot, sesame, Welsh onion, wheat, rice, oat, garland, and Yaenari bean) of the pathogen. It appeared that there was little relationship between taxis of zoospores towards the plant roots and host specificity.
When glass capillary tubes (diam. 200-400μ) containing plant extracts, with or without 1% agar, were introduced into the small glass chamber filled with zoospore suspension, zoospores began to aggregate and formed typical clusters at the tips of the tubes. The activities of extracts for taxis remained after heat treatments of about 130°C for 1 hour. The active components were dialyzable through cellulose membrane tube. There seemed to exist one or more tactic attractants which were heat stable and small molecular substances. On the other hand, small agar blocks or filter-paper strips containing the plant extracts showed little or no tactic phenomena. Furthermore, concentrated exudates of plant seedlings (wheat, eggplant, and tomato) possessed no tactic activities. These results contradicted the existence of tactic substances.
An interesting observation with dark field microscopy showed that a convection current, efflux of extract and influx of water, occured at the tip of the capillary tube containing each of the plant extracts in the small glass chamber. The tactic aggregation of zoospores at the tip of the tube might be partially explained as the result of a combination of this convection current and rheotaxis of zoospores reported previously.

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1967 Volume 9 Pages 62-66
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_62

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[title in Japanese]

[in Japanese]

1967 Volume 9 Pages 67-69
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_67

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[title in Japanese]

1967 Volume 9 Pages 70-80
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_70

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[title in Japanese]

1967 Volume 9 Pages 91-126
Published: February 01, 1967
Released on J-STAGE: October 29, 2012

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4165/kapps1958.9.0_91

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