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2009 Volume 85 Pages
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2009 Volume 85 Pages
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2009 Volume 85 Pages
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Yoshiaki Aita, Noritoshi Suzuki, Kaoru Ogane, Toyosaburo Sakai, Yoshih ...
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
1-2
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Article type: Index
2009 Volume 85 Pages
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Yoshiaki Aita, Noritoshi Suzuki, Toyosaburo Sakai
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
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Susumu Ohtsuka, Atsushi Tanimura, Ryuji J. Machida, Shuhei Nishida
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
6-13
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Bipolar and antitropical distributions of planktonic copepods are reviewed from the previous data. Some particle-feeding copepods show an antitropical distribution in the oceanic regions without tropical submergence in the deep waters. A molecular phylogenetic analysis has revealed that four closely related species of the genus Neocalanus consist of a sister group which clearly exhibits an antitropical distribution: three species in the subarctic seas and a single one in the subantarctic seas. Their origins and evolutionary processes are inferred on the basis of synapomorphies, habitats and life cycles of these copepods and the oceanic topography. Upwelling regions off the western coasts of the American continents could have been a corridor for the dispersal of the ancestor from one hemisphere to another. As for the neritic Labidocera pectinata species group the Wallacea and its neighboring areas were supposedly related to the formation of the antitropical distribution of the components during the Pleistocene. Some deep-sea species show a bipolar distribution, only one of which, Spinocalanus antarcticus, is exclusively distributed in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. Ecological characteristics of polar copepods are also compared.
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Masashi Tsuchiya
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
14-24
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Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have clarified a bipolarity (anti-tropic distribution) where genetic exchanges exist between some bipolar Arctic and Antarctic populations of planktonic foraminifers. However, the bipolarity of the species is not always congruent with the genotype distributions. In fact, the genotypes of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (dex) genotype I, Globigerina bulloides genotypes IIa and IIb, and Turborotalita quinqueloba genotype IIa significantly indicate a bipolar distribution. Whereas, genotypes of G. bulloides, except for genotypes IIa and IIb, and all 7 genotypes of N. pachyderma (sin) indicate different non-bipolar distribution patterns respectively, with the genotypes showing no genetic exchange between the northern and southern hemispheres. In addtion, from tropic to subtropic genotype of both Orbulina universa (Sargasso genotype) and Globorotalia truncatulinoides (genotype sp. 2) indicate anti-tropic-like distribution, even though these morphospecies show continuous distribution. Evolutionary processes of the bipolarity of planktonic foraminifers are reviewed in this paper on the basis of distribution of both morphospecies and genotypes to see whether common characteristics of bipolarity exist between species or among genotypes.
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Yoshiaki Aita, Noritoshi Suzuki, Kaoru Ogane, Toyosaburo Sakai
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
25-42
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Bipolar distributions of recent polycystine Radiolaria are discussed and reviewed in this study. The numerous data on biogeography obtained by using plankton tow-net, sediment trap, and surface sediment samples are discussed from available studies in global oceans. The bipolar distribution of radiolarians is grouped as two types; bipolar taxa that are found in the polar and temperate sea water but are lacking in the tropic ocean (Type 1) and those taxa found in both shallow water in polar oceans and deeper bathymetric depths under the tropics (Type 2). The distribution patterns of the representatives of the bipolar species are discussed, and concluded that Pseudodictyophimus gracilipes, Stylochlamydium venustum and Spongotrochus glacialis show type 2, while Spongurus pylomaticus shows similar to type 1, but the species dwells in intermediate and deeper waters. In addition, another examples of monopolar distribution that was developed in around the Antarctic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean are examined on the endemic taxa as the genus Antarctissa and Amphimelissa setosa. The other example of the bipolar distribution of Mesozoic Radiolaria is the genus Glomeropyle from the Triassic in New Zealand and NE Siberia. The latest knowledge on the Early Triassic radiolarian faunal changes in a pelagic environment in southern high latitude since the P/T boundary is presented. Recent progress on the oceanic Permian/Triassic boundary sequence at Arrow Rocks, New Zealand revealed a possibility that the southern high latitude ocean had been acted as a refugee area for the surviving biota including Permian-type Radiolaria since the end-Permian mass extincion events. The common characteristics in general morphology between the Recent and Mesozoic bipolar species are discussed.
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Yukito Kurihara
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
43-53
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Hitherto proposed hypotheses explaining the origin of antitropical distributions in marine organisms are reviewed. These are largely divided into two categories, dispersal and vicariance. Several examples of antitropical pairs of marine Cenozoic molluscs in the western Pacific are listed and partly reviewed from the fossil records. Available paleontologic and phylogeographic evidences suggest that the antitropicality is a recurrent phenomenon during the Cenozoic, and that trans-equatorial dispersal during the late Pliocene to Pleistocene is probably the most important factor in making the present antitropical distribution, although our taxonomic knowledge of Cenozoic antitropical molluscs are still insufficient.
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Shintaro Ogino
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
54-62
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This paper reviews recent knowledge on the taxonomy of fossil galictine mustelids (Carnivora, Mammalia). Since the dawn of the Late Cenozoic, the mustelids have adapted to a wide range of habitat such as tropical forest to even in ocean, and now live in every continent except Australia and Antarctica. Extant galictines consist of only two genera, Galictis and Lyncodon, in Central and South Americas, forming a minor group. However, in past, fossil galictines were distributed in the whole Northern Hemisphere. Although galictine mustelids adapted to a broad range of land habitat area from the earliest Miocene into the Pleistocene, Eurasian species become extinct during the Pleistocene. Historical studies on this taxa would add further classification on the change of paleobiogeography in Eurasian and North American mammal faunas.
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Yukihide Matsumoto
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
63-68
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Tamaki Sato
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2009 Volume 85 Pages
69-71
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
2009 Volume 85 Pages
72-73
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Article type: Appendix
2009 Volume 85 Pages
74-76
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2009 Volume 85 Pages
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