Relation between the height of gravity center in human body and the physical elements such as body length, body weight, chest girth and sitting height has been studied on 1796 male and female subjects ranging in age from 4 to 20 years. They were residents in the district of northern Kyushu with normal health and living conditions. 1) Height of gravity center The gravity center in the male ascends with increasing age of the subjects, and it attains approximately 90 cm of height after a period of steep rise taking place from about 12 to 13 to about 15 years of age. After that the height remains nearly constant at the level of 91 to 93 cm. In the female the gravity center ascends with increasing age to approximately 82 cm, then reaches as high as about 84 cm suddenly at the age of 14 to 15 years. After that no marked change of it is observed, as alike in the case of the male subjects. 2) Relative height of gravity center The relative value in the male is aronnd 56 at four in age, then rises to around 61 at about 7 to 9 years of age which is the largest value to be attained. It then gradually decreases, showing approximate value of 55 to 60 from his puberty on toward his twenties. The female follows similar pattern, showing approximate value of 55 to 57 after about her 12 years of age. 3) Relation between body length and body weight Positive correlation exists between body length and body weight which is particularly noted in ages of vigorous development of the individual. However, the variation for each age stage and sex is rather small. 4) Relation between body length and height of gravity center Positive correlation exists between the two values in each sex group and in every age stages of the subjects in that the larger the body length, the higher the gravity center. Sex and age difference is not observed in this respect. But, in the subjects of similar body length, the gravity center in the male is higher than that in the female. 5) Relation between body weight and height of gravity center Positive correlation exists between the two values in each sex group and in every age stages of the subjects in that the heavier the body weight, the higher the gravity center, without sex and age difference to be observed. However, in the subjects of similar body weight, the gravity center in the male is higher than that in the female. 6) Relation between chest girth and height of gravity center Positive correlation exists between the two values in the subjects of both sexes and of every age stages in that the larger the chest girth, the higher the gravity center, with no appreciable difference present in regard to sexes and ages of the subjects. In the subjects 9 to 14 years of age with approximately equal value of chest girth, the gravity center in the female comes slightly higher than that in the male, but after that period, the gravity center in the male becomes higher than that in the female. 7) Relation between sitting height and height of gravity center Positive correlation exists between the two values in the subjects of both sexes and of every age stages in that the higher the sitting height, the higher the gravity center, with no appreciable difference present in regard to sexes and ages of the subjects. In the subjects older than 14 years with approximately equal value of sitting height, the gravity center in the male is generally higher than that in the female. In summary, it would be evident from the foregoings that positive correlations exist between the physical elements such as body length, body weight, chest girth and sitting height and gravity center of the body which demonstrate a certain close association with one's status of physical development with age.

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A comparative study has been conducted on the histology of the epithelium lining the upper wall of the mouth in a variety of vertebrates including pisces (Carassius carassius, Auguilla japonica, Parasilurus asotus), Amphibia (Rana nigromaculata, Diemyctylus, Hynobius) and Reptilia (Gekko japonicus, Takydromus tackydromoides, Natrix tigrina Clemmys japonica). The findings are summarized as follows. 1) Epithelium The oral epithelium in the Pisces was generally consisted of stratified squamous cells, whereas in the Amphibia the wall was covered either by a thin layer of stratified ciliated epithelium (Rana nigromaculata, Hynobius) or by an epithelium with marginal cuticle (Diemyctylus). In the Reptilia it was covered by a thin layer of stratified epithelium mingled in part with stratified ciliated epithelium. 2) Glands The glands in the fishes were all simple glands made of either mucous or eosinophil serous cells located scatteringly all over the epithelium, except in the case of Carassius carassius where the serous cell gland was absent. In the Amphibia the oral epithelium was provided with glands consisting of goblet cells of mucous nature and with intermaxillary and choanal glands of serous nature. The choanal glands, however, were absent in the tailed amphibians. In the Reptilia the oral epithelium, alike in the Amphibia, was distributed with scattered goblet cells, in addition to the palatal glands of serous (Gekko japonicus) and mucous (Clemmys iaponica) cells which were lacking in Takydromus tackydromus and Natrix tigrina.

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A patho-histological observation has been conducted on the tooth and the surrounding tissues in 63 healthy albino rats subjected to acute or chronic poisoning through administration of para-aminodiethylaniline sulphate. The drug was injected on the back skin of animals in amount ranging from 0.05 to 0.00625 gram per kilogram of body weight once in a day for 300 days. The results were summarized as follows. 1) Although p-amino-n-diethylaniline is a derivative of p-phenylendiamine, it failed to produce the marked edema in the face and neck of the experimental animals which has been claimed to be characteristic of poisoning by the latter agent. 2) By administrating 0.05 gram, approximately fatal dosage of the drug, the body weight of the animals decreased and sometimes increased, but this increase was preceded by a period of temporary decrease. 3) The drug proved to cause chiefly cardiac disturbance in the animals. The excretion of the drug apparently took place through kidney, salivary gland and lung where marked degenerative changes, particularly those of the kidney, were observed. 4) Changes in the tooth and the surrounding tissues. a) There were observed in the space between layers of ameloblasts and undecalcified enamel substanceat the site of enamel formation, drop-like, sometimes granular and rarely sheet-like foreign matters deposited, whereas no appreciable change was noticed in the enamel substance. b) Pathologic change of ameloblasts in the teeth of animals poisoned to death on the first day of administration was scarsely noted. However, by approximately 10 days of poisoning, there occur a variety of changes such as irregurarity of arrangement, curving of protoplasm and decreased staining reaction of cell nuclei in the section of ameloblast layer extending from its formative site through part of decalcified enamel substance. At the same region of tooth, the outer ameloblasts alsos suffered atrophy, irregular arrangement of the cells and vacuolar degeneration of pectinate cells. Besides this, at the site of tooth which comes on the same level with top margin of alveolar process, and where both outer and inner laysrs of ameloblast meet, vacuolar degeneration and cyst formation were obser rved in some cases, and in other hypertrophy of outer ameloblast cells were frequently observed. c) In the dental pulp, congestion, sometimes small haemorrhage in the pulp of the molar teeth, were observed, and in severer congestion, the pulp became edematous, accompanied by atrophy and decreased unmber of the ground cells. The odontoblasts showed irregular arrangment of cell, slight vacuolar degeneration and decreased staining reaction, and in those of the molar teeth reticular degeneration was sometimes observed. In the dentin slight sphenoidal disturbance in calcification was observed. d) In the incisal teeth, congestion and edematous rarefaction of the connective tissue sur rounding blood vessels were noticed in the tooth sac and tooth membrane. Greater amou unt of blood was contained in the bone marrow of the alveolus. e) No marked change was observed occurring in the tooth cementum and the gingiva. f) The foregoing findings in the tooth and the surrounding tissues would seem to imply not so much specific changes due to the poisoning by this drug as one of the secondary effects upon these tissues resulting chiefly from the disturbance of blood circulation and the aubsequent damage of the main internal organs which were more or less manifested in the animals poisoned.

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As deaf-mute children do not speak so much as normal ones, the restriction of mouth movement might have some effect on the development of the mouth and other parts connected with speach. In 157 deaf-mute boys of 5-21 years of age these parts were measured and compared with those of normal boys. 1. The maximum length and breadth of the head, the ear-head height, the distance between two pupillae, the angle and its breadth of mandible, the mouth breadth and the height of lower mucous membraneous lip of the deaf-mute children are smaller than those of normal ones. But the cephalic index, the height-length index of head, the median angle of closed upper and lower lips, the height of upper mucous membraneous lip, the nasal breadth, the height of the upper and lower mucous membraneous lips, the height of the upper cutaneous lip and the height of the upper lip are larger in the deafmute boys than those of normal children. 2. No significant difference in the percentages of types of incisal occlusion, but the occlusion degree and over-bite degree of incisors of the deaf-mutes are slightly higher than those of the control group. 3. The palates of V-shaped type are more frequent in the deaf-mutes and their height of palate is shallow. The index of palate height, the length of median palatine suture and the length of palatal height are rather small. 4. Among the deaf-mutes the dental arch of parobola type is most frequent, both in the upper and lower jaws. Their length of anterior and posterior dental arch is rather short. Their breadth of anterior dental arch at the canine is normal, but its breadth of the lower jaw and the breadth of posterior dental arch are slightly small. The index of anterior dental arch is smaller than of the posterior in both jaws. The length and girth length of dental arch of the upper jaw are larger than those of the lower and both are smaller than those of the normal.

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