A series of study on the histological pictures of the radula and tongue of Cipangopaludina malleate was summarized as follows. 1. The radula showed an entirely negative response to the color reaction for chitin, but showed strongly positive reaction to keratin staining by Martinotti. This is to say that the teeth were stained yellowish golden to suggest an eleidin composition through their entire length except the tip part which was stained light blue to suggest keratin composition. The basal membrane was stained purple suggesting keratohyalin composition. 2. In the capsule of radula of primary stage of development, the basal membrane was discriminated into the upper structureless layer and the lower layer of fibrous structure and another fibrous layer with bundled hair structure which emerged from the distal end of the basal cells. Such discrimination could not be observed on the dorsal part of radula of mature stage. 3. The basal cells of the radula were generally tall in height, columnar in shape and arranged in single aligment, each of them provided with an oval to near rounded nucleus within the cell body. The length of cell and localization of cell nucleus were not always uniform, but subject to change with different functional sites in which they were placed. 4. The tongue of Cipangopaludina malleata was consisted of a bulk of cartilaginous tissue of an elongated oval shape and small amount of muscle tissue.

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Morphology of the teeth of Primates and the related literatures thereof are the most essential tools for any one who undertakes to study the phylogenetic aspect ofthe human tooth form. Unfortunately, such studies are available so far to a very limited extent, especially when it deals with teeth of the genus Macaca. The present paper is to furnish some of the knowledges on the tooth forms and morphology of the dental arch of the crab-eating monkey which were obtained from observation and measurement of plaster models of the animal's jaws. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Measurement of the dental arch revealed that reduction in width rather than in length of the dental arch of the monkey was far greater as compared to the human dental arch, so that the general contour of both upper and lower jaws assumed an extremely lengthy shape, clearly distinct from that of human dental arch. 2. General contour of the palate of the monkey also showed an extremely small value of width as compared to its length and assumed an oblong shape as contrasted to the semi-oval shape of the human palate. 3. Width and thickness were measured on the crown part of the whole teeth. No appreciable sex difference was noticed in this regard except that the canine tooth crowns of upper and lower jaws in the male animal showed an extremely larger size than comparable crowns in the female animal. 4. When comparison was made among individual teeth group of the whole dentition on their relative sizes, the central incisor was larger than the lateral incisor among incisor of both jaws, and among the molar groups the smallest was the first molar while the second and the 3rd were markedly large sized. Although marked difference was not noticed among the premolar group, the 2nd premolar slightly excelled the Ist in size. These traits in tooth size, especially in the molar teeth group, were most characteristic of the monkey and differed considerably from the human counterparts where the largest molar came in the front as Ist molar, followed distally by the 2nd and 3rd molars each decreasing size in order. This relation was reversed in the molar group of the crab-eating monkey where the largest tooth was either the 2nd or the 3rd molar. The reason of this may be explained by a primitive stage of evolution still maintained in the animal and a retrogressive stage of the human molar teeth now going on. 5. The cusp contact relation between upper and lower molar cuspal surfaces was observed and classified as follows, based on the patterns in which cuspal grooves ran. In upper jaw of the animal, the most frequent type (I type) in the Ist molar was the one in which Paracone and Hypocone came in contact, in the 2nd molar the most frequent type was the one in which the four cusps converged to make contact at one middle point of the cuspal surface (II type), and in the 3rd molar the most frequent was the one in which Protocone and Metacone made contact with each other (III type). The last type found in the crab-eating monkey is distinct from the standard type seen in the molar teeth of mankind and ape where Protocone and Metacone are connected by an oblique ridge. In the lower jaw, the most frequent type of cusp contact relation was I type where Protoconid and Entoconid made contact and this was regarded as standard type in the crabeating monkey. In mankind and ape, however, III type made their standard type where Metaconid and Hypoconid came in contact and II and I types are regarded ordinarily as representing retrogressive trend. The most frequent type of cusp contact found in lower jaw of this animal, however, could not be designated as retrogressive in ordinary sense, but should be regarded as a specialized form of cuspal surface of the molar occurring exclusively in the genus Macaca. 6. Carabelli's tubercle was seen to occur in considerable frequency in the teeth of the animal, the majority of which,

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For the purpose of studying some aspect of cell proliferation in the taste bud, rats, weighing 100 g in average, were injected with ^3H-thymidine in dosis of 1μc per gram of body weight intraperitoneally and the cells that were located in the peripheral epithelia of taste buds of papilla vallata and in the peripheral epithelia of the same papilla were studied for the distribution and kinetics of labeled cells by means of autoradiography. 1) Labeling was detected exclusively in the basal cells of epithelia of both regions by 1 hour after the injection and the radioactive indices for the peripheral epithelia of taste bud and for those on the back of the tongue amounted respectively to 30.9% and 17.7%. 2) The life span of the epithelial cells in the periphery of taste bud was grossly calculated to be from 4 to 5 days and the generation time from 19.2 to 24 hours. 3) At the inside of taste bud, labeled cells with relatively scanty number of silver grains were noticed in the basal part of the bud by 3 hours after the injection, and these cells tended to migrate toward the center of the bud later than 24 hours period. 4) There were observed, on the other hand, the presence of those cells that contained DNA labeled by ^3H-thymidine during its de novo synthesis and also those cells that were in the state of mitotic activity, the latter being less frequently.

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The research on the subject of splitting lines has a long history. Benninghoff and his school clarified the meaning of the splitting lines tentatively (1925). However, no interpretation has been presented by them about the irregular splitting lines that frequently appear and are observed in the line systems of the splitting lines. Prof. T. NAKAYAMA, M. D., (1957) attached special importance to the appearance of those irregular splitting lines and disclosed his study, offering the following opinion with regards to their significance. He concluded that the appearance of such irregular splitting lines is a direct functional manifestation that may be interpreted as a sort of defense reaction of the tissue, and insisted that the phase of growth of the organs and tissues should be grasped by the observation and investigation of both line systems and irregular splitting lines together. Based on the opinion of Dr. Nakayama, the author has made a series of study in order to investigate whether or not such special irritations to the human tooth as dental caries, abrasion, attrition or operative dentistry would cause irregular splitting lines to the dentin of tooth as a defense reaction. The study has led the author to the following views : 1. In the case of human tooth, too, the appearance of the irregular splitting lines as a defense reaction was observed partially in the dentin. 2. The appearance of the irregular splitting lines was not observed on the surface of the dentin. 3. In the cross section of the tooth, no irregular splitting line was obsered at the superficial layer of the dentin, while both cases of appearance and non-appearance of those lines observed at the deep layer. i) In the case of non-appearance, the reparative dentin formed as a defense reaction showed a small protuberance. ii) In the case of appearance, the formation of the reparative dentin was odserved as a large protuberance. As the cause of such difference, in the case ii) where the growth and formation of the reparative dentin is conspicuous, the growth force influences, as a component, the primary dentin insufficiently calcified in the course of development. The border line between the conspicuous reparative dentin and the deep layer of the primary dentin that come in contact with it makes a marked curvature, convex toward the superficial layer of the primary dentin. The splitting lines develop along this curvature and appear as the irregular ones, which is obviously odserved in the microscopic photo (fig. 8-b). 4. Appearance of the irregular splitting lines as a defense reaction, based on the Nakayama theory, is notably observed in the reparative dentin. There are two kinds of irregular lines that run to different directions seen among those lines, one of which is the lines developing along the edge of the rise of reparative dentin, and the others appear at a right angle toward the edge. When these two irregular splitting lines are observed togethor with the conditions of the caries, the former are seen appearing largely with the chronic, caries, while the latter appears oftener with the comparatively accute cases. 5. It is clearly observed in the microscopic photo (fig. 7, 8, 9) that the development of all these splitting lines corresponds to direction of the main arrangement of fibrils of the dentin matrix on the surface of the dentin of the individual teeth examined. From the way the irregular splitting lines appear in the dentin, the conditions of irritation the tooth sustained and the phase of growth of the reparative dentin formed as a defense reaction may be conjectured.

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Numerous literatures are available on the pathohistology of periapical focus of infection which are formed naturally in the teeth of animals by introduction of pathogenic bacteria. Imai has succeeded to inoculate certain strain of pathogenic bacteria into dog's teeth to establish a periapical focus of infection and has reported patho-histological and microbiological findings obtained. These studies, however, failed to explain the possible mechanism by which the focus of infection was established there. The present study was undertaken to furnish some of more detailed informations about this problem by inoculating cells of a pathogenic strain of staphylococcus that were freshly isolated from the putrescent lesions of the mouth into the lower 1st molars of a total of 26 dogs as experimental material. In the first series of experiment, two groups of the teeth were respectively inoculated with the same amount of the staphylococcal cells twice a week and the first group of teeth was left to keep contact with the antagonizing cusp, while the second group was left apart from coming into normal occlusion after their cusps were opened for the inoculation. Radiographic observation showed that the enlargement of the periodontal membrane space occurred in 83.3% of teeth on the 4th day and in 16.6% on the 7th day respectively after the inoculation in the first group, while in the 2nd group the enlargement of the periodontal membrane occurred on the 4th day in only 22.2% and the majority of the teeth, that is 66.6%, showed the enlargement on the 7th day after the inoculation. In the 2nd series of experiment, comparative study was conducted on the periapical infection of two groups of teeth of which the teeth of one group were infected with the pathogenic cells by way of the exposed pulp and the other group was infected with the cells through direct application into the periapical foramen made artificially after pulp exstirpation. The same amount of the cells was applied twice a week in both cases. The results showed that enlargement of periapical membrane space was observed to occur on the 4th day in 22.2% and on the 7th day in 66.6% in the latter group while in the former group the enargement was not observed on the 4th day, but was observed in 22.2% of teeth on the 7th day after the inoculation. In the 3rd series of experiment, comparison was made between two groups of teeth inoculated with the pathogens by way of the pulp, of which the teeth of one group receiving one inoculation and the teeth of another group receiving inoculation twice a week. The results showed that the enlargement of the periapical membrane space occurred in 33.3% on both the 4th and 7th day for the first group while for the 2nd group the enlargement was not observed at all in the 4th and 7th day but was only observed in 66.6% on the 11th day after the inoculation. Although the time of occurrence of infection did not depend entirely on the amount of cells inoculated into the teeth, all the data showed that the teeth were susceptible to the inoculation without exception and 93.3% had the radiologic sign of periapical infection after 7th day of inoculation. The reduction culture of the cells from the focus of infection and differentiation study of the cell strain by means of the phage typing technique confirmed that the infected focus was establiahed solely by the cell strain originally used. The study was further extended to the examination of periodontal membrane by patho-histological preparations and also by the fluorescein antibody staining method to confirm the exact period at which the focus of infection came to be established. The results showed clear evidence of existing inflammation as well as the presence of cellular products of inoculated staphylococcus in the periodontal tissue by the 6th day of inoculation.

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We have had pharyngeal flap operations on the cases of nasal emission caused by soft palate insufficiency. Before and after the operation, the following measurement and test were made. 1. Measurement of nasal emission by manometer (the Baldwin method) 2. Speech articulation test The results of pharyngeal flap operation on soft palate insufficency were summerized as follows. (1) Manometer (the Baldwin method) a. Both the rate of minimum nasal emission and the rate of nasal emission after three second were greatly improved on the group of cleft palate which had not been operated on, the group of cleft palate operated on and the group of soft palate insufficiency in the absence of cleft palate, compared with preoperative rate. b. Change of nasal emission with the passage of time was improved compared with the pre-operative change. (2) Nasal speech sound, when pronounced, was immediately improved in 14 cases out of 16 cases. (3) In a speech articulation test, any case of post-operative articulation was much improved compared with pre-operative articulation.

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Studies were made on serum LDH activity and isozyme in 126 patients with various oral diseases (54 patients with oral cancer and 72 patients with various benign oral diseases) and in rabbits with experimental oral cancer by Vx2 carcinoma implantation. Alterations of serum LDH activity and isozyme during therapy in oral diseases and tumor-bearing rabbits were assayed. Serum LDH activity was determined according to Wroblewski and Ladue. And electrophoretic separation of serum LDH isozymes was performed according to Yoshida. The results were summarized as follows. 1. 36 (66.6%) of 54 patients with oral cancer showed an elevation of serum LDH activity, whereas in 13 (18.1%) of 72 patients with benign oral diseases a slight elevation of serum LDH activity was observed. Statistically, the significant difference was ascertained in the value of serum LDH activity among the cancer group, the group of benign oral diseases, and the normal group. As to the serum LDH isozyme, a marked increase in LDH_1, and decrease in LDH_2 were present in the patients with benign oral diseases, whereas patients of oral cancer, a marked increase in LDH_4, LDH_5 and decrease in LDH_2 were present. But on the average, distribution of 5 isozymes was LDH_2>LDH_1>LDH_3>LDH_4>LDH_5 in normal adult individual. 2. Generally, when the activity of serum LDH was compared, its activity in the patients with gingival cancer was relatively higher than that in the patients with upper jaw cancer (from maxillary sinus) or tongue cancer. As to the serum LDH isozyme, no characteristics were observed. 3. A significant difference was found in serum LDH activity and isozyme between patients with upper jaw cancer and patients with chronic maxillary sinuits, and these data seemed to serve as an aid in differential diagnosis. 4. In serum LDH isozyme a marked decrease in LDH_1 and increase in LDH_4, LDH_5 paralleled well to the progressive stages of cancer lesion. But a slight elevation of serum LDH activity was observed. Especially, a significant difference was found in experimental oral cancer 5. On the correlations between serum LDH activity or isozyme and primary lesions in oral cancer, no characteristics were observed. 6. Serum LDH activities in patients with oral cancer undergoing therapy with antitumor agents was markedly decreased in effective group, correlating with tumor regression, whereas ineffective group showed no changes in serum LDH activity. Treatment of these oral cancer with anti-tumor agents resulted in a tendency for normalization of LDH isozyme pattern in effective group ; such was not the case in ineffective group. Especially, serum LDH activity in the patients with effective group was relatively higher than that in the patients with ineffective group undergoing chemotherapy, and experimental oral cancer also showd much the same result. 7. Administration of anti-tumor agents to the experimental animals bearing Vx2 carcinoma by way of intra-arterial infusion with BLM and MMC controlled elevation of serum LDH activity in the effective group. Both an elevation of serum LDH activities and an increase in LDH_4 and LDH_5 were observed in the ineffective group. 8. It is therefor concluded that the changes of serum LDH level following treatment with anti-tumor agents reflect metabolic improvement or aggravation. Determination of serum LDH activity, therefore, may serve as an indicator of the effectiveness of treament by the anti-tumor agents, on the basis of tumor-host-drug relationship.

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A modification has been developed in this laboratory for the determination of formaldehyde by the usual chromotropic acid method for the purpose of estimating formaldehyde content in the mixture of cresol and formaldehyde. Using the modified method, possible age change of formaldehyde content in F. C. mixture was studied when it was left standing in the dark under the constant temperatures of both 5℃ and 37℃ for the period of 70 days. The mixture was kept sealed in glass ampoules. The content of formaldehyde at the start and the end of the experiment was compared, and it was proved that there was hardly any change to be noticed.

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A longitudinal study was conducted on the possible loss of formaldehyde from formocresol mixture that was contained in the glass vial for dental use. The brown-colored vials containing the mixture were divided into 4 groups of A, B, C and D, and these were treated in the following manners for 4 consecutive weeks under room temperature of 5℃ to 15℃. A group……Formocresol was left standing throughout the period. B group……Formocresol was given horizontal agitation. C group……Formocresol was occasionally taken out of the vial by means of cotton pellets. D group……The vials were overturned 20 times and their caps were taken off 4 hours every day. Chromotropic acid method was used for the determimation of formaldehyde left in each vial. The results showed that the concentration of formaldehyde suffered some change. Amount of formaldehyde was most decreased in vials of D group.

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