Degree of disability in the oral functions was studied on a total of 1109 patients of leprosis consisting of 712 males and 397 females who were admitted in Kikuchi-Keifuen, a National Sanatorium for Leprosy located in Kumamoto Prefecture. Results were summarized as follows. 1. Disability in mastication Those who were suffering from masticatory inconvenience accounted for about 40 percent of the total subjects, of whom about 20 percent showed severe masticatory disability, not even receiving venefit of wearing any kind of prosthetic appliances. There was found no difference in the degree of masticatory disability with sexes and types of the afflictions. 2. Motor paralysis of lower half facial muscles Paralytic disability in the act of blowing or puckering up the mouth was found in about 50 percent of the subjects, over the half of whom showing severe degree of disability. Difficulty in opening the lips was found in about 40 percent, and labioptosis in about 30 percent, of whom the majority showing severe symptoms. The latter disability was likely to occur more frequently in the male patients. 3. Sensory paralysis in lower half of face Sensory paralysis in the lower half of face was found in 10 percent of subjects examined. Sensory paralysis localyzed in only red lip portion occurred in about 40 percent, the majority of whom showing severe symptoms. 4. Physical disability at the dinner table Those who complained any one kind of physical disabilities every time the patients took meal amounted to about 40 percent of the total, in which were included those patients who suffered the contracture of one or more fingers. Those who needed the helper in taking meal amounted to about 10 percent. Regardless of the types of affliction which patients suffered, degree of disability tended to be severer in the male than in the female patients.

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A total of 48 puppies was used as materials to utilyze their immature teeth with large sized pulp cavity. The pulp of lower premolar teeth of these animals was amputated in both sides of jaw and the heeling processes involving repair of cavity shape, further growth of the root and possible change of periodontal tissues were studied by means of radiological and patho-histological methods. Results were summarized as follows. 1. On the Ist day following the vital amputation of pulp, the X-ray showed no sign of opaque at amputated site, but patho-histological findings showed a clear boundary formed between vital and necrotic pulpal tissues. 2. The 3rd day showed a thin line of radiopaque at amputated site, and here in the surface layer of the pulp was seen a great number of spindle cells appearing and an increased volume of collagenous fibers, a picture corresponding the usual finding at the early stage of dentine barrier formation. 3. By 5 to 7 days after the pulp amputation, the thin line of radiopaque became expanded to a more distinguishable band, and here was seen the partial formation of a new dentine barrier. At the same time there could be seen odontoblasts which had been observed since the 3rd day of vital amputation as immature forms resembling odontoblasts. 4. By 10 to 14 days, the opaque band increased its depth and became ever more distinguished, and this stage seems to represent the most accerelated growth of dentine barrier to attain the broadest band. In the mature teeth this occurs at about 21 days. 5. By 21 days after the amputation the dentine barrier became thicker toward lower direction and eventually covered the intact pulp completely. 6. Above findings suggested that the growth of dentine barrier in the immature teeth was somewhat faster than in root-completed teeth. 7. Of the hard tissues constituting the dentine barrier, some constituents resembled the usual dentine substance and other the oeteoid dentine, and the former covered the pulp tissues all over while the latter failed to do so completely and permitted frequently the pulp tissues to penetrate it. 8. By about 21 days, the pulp and the periodontal membrane at apical part of the root was bordered by formation of cellular cementum, and the apical foramen began to be closed. This process went on not later nor sooner than that in the control teeth. 9. No appreciable difference was existed in the course of dentinal growth in the cavity wall and in the recovery of the cavity shape between the experimental and control teeth groups. 10. Present study showed that the vital amputation of pulp administered to the root-immature teeth did not exert any deleterious effect on the vitality of tooth pulp, and it rather accerelated the formative process of dentine barrier in the experimental teeth. These evidences would suggest that the present method may well serve as one of valuable means for the conservation of such teeth in endodontic practice.

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Submandibular ducts on one side of jaws were surgically ligated with use of adult male rabbits and subsequent changes was observed macroscopically as well as pathohistologically for an extended period starting from one to 119 days after the operation. Findings obtained from the duct-ligated and antagonizing intact glands were compared with pictures of normal glands of control animals, and the results were summarized as follows. Changes of duct-ligated gland after operation A. Macroscopic findings The duct-ligated gland showed light pink swelling begining from one day after the operation, but the swelling gradually began to diminish by 7 days and turned hard in consistensy. B. Patho-histological findings 1. The first change to be observed was the degradation in the periphery of the gland involving degeneration, atrophy and necrosis of tissues, and this region of the gland began to be replaced by fibrous connective tissues by 7 days after the operation. 2. As for the mechanism of such destructive change to occur, the causative factors pushing forward the process are severe edema occurring in the peripheral part of the gland on one hand, and dilatation of the striated portion and small duct wall′s disruption on the other hand, all of these causing the glandular secretion to overflow and deposit in the intracellular spaces. 3. Similar changes did not occur in the middle of the gland, and instead there took place progressively dilatation of duct system and atrophy and eventual disappearance of alveoli. By about 21 days after the operation, a proliferative change began to be seen in the glandular epithelium which went on progressively. 4. This proliferative change of epithelium in duct system began to appear, after its initial atrophy and thining, with renewed vitality, and the proliferation proceeded mainly toward inside of duct, but partially toward the periphery of duct. The proliferated tissues that filled the inside space of duct and turned solid eventually constituted nest-like epithelial islands. 5. In a few cases of gland 70 days after the operation, there could be observed a small amount of alveoli newly generated in some part of the disintegrated glandular body. 6. The elastic fibers in the glandular body that normally encircle tightly outside of the duct and also were distributed densely between the interstitial connective tissue became progressively sparse and few in amount. 7. Cell infiltration mainly of acidophils was observed in the operated gland until 56 days after ligation of duct. Changes in the submandibular gland of opposite side whose duct was left non-ligated A. Macroscopic findings Like the submandibular gland of operated side, this gland too turned pink and edematous from the Ist day after operation. However, by 5 days after operation, the pinkish shade subsided and the gland recovered its normal hue. The gland, however, increased its size slightly until 21 days after operation. B. Histological findings On the first day of operation, a destructive change like that occurred in the ductligated gland was observed in the peripharal parenchyma. By the 3rd post-operative day, there could be seen the appearance of undifferentiated glandular cells. These cells groups could be discriminated into two types, of which the one was consisted of a population of small sized cells with high chromatin content, the other a population of large sized cells with light stainability. The former cells were to form the alveoli of the gland and the latter the striate portion and duct system.

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Candida albicans, which is commonly known as a dimorphic fungus, is capable of causing a number of human and animal infections. Author has obtained a peculiar variant colony (we called it "spiny colony" provisionally) which is especially formed in C. albicans. The main purpose of this study is to elucidate the factors affecting the spiny colony in environmental conditions and morphological aspects of this variant colony by using the light and electron microscopy. The following results were obtained : 1. The spiny colony which developed on trypticase-soy agar (TS-agar) was mucoid and slimy, creamy to greyish-white in color, and spiny appearance. 2. It was found that only the spiny colony developed when the cells were transfered to fresh TS-agar (1.5% phytone, 0.5% trypticase, 0.25% glucose, 0.5% NaCl, 0.25% K_2HPO_4 and 2% agar, pH 7.0) from an old stock culture on Sabouraud-dextrose agar at 25℃. These results were interpreted as follows ; 1) Temperature appears to be one of the most important environmental factors affecting the spiny colony. This variant colony could be maintained at 25℃ which favor growth in the filamentous phase, however incubation of 37℃ led to conversion in the formation of smooth-type colonies of yeast phase. 2) It was also important factor that the maintenance of the spiny colony on the TS-agar correlated with the carbon-nitrogen ratio in the medium. 3) Many thin filamentous cells were convoluted to develop a protrusion with extracellular material which showed in the Cryo-scanning electron micrograph (Cryo-SEM micrograph). Nitrogeneous sources, that is, phytone and trypticase which contained in the medium, led to produce this abundant mucoid material. 3. The results of examination in biological characteristics of the spiny colony were not obtained any distinguishable differences between this variant and the yeast phase from original strain of C. albicans. 4. The most striking features of the morphology were obtained by using the Cryo-SEM which was conducted at low temperature (-150℃), and no chemical treatment was made on material. 1) A typical tapering protrusion is convoluted with many thin filamentous cells and some accompanying yeast-like cells. 2) The surface of the cells, which developed the protrusion, is covered with slimy film (mucoid material). This finding has never been obtained by any other method. 3) A cleavage surface of the protrusion, which appears the cutting surface of cell walls and various organelles are included in its, was obtained by using a cold knife (-150℃) which is provided in the specimen stage. 5. Observation of electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections, the cytoplasmic structure was similar in appearance to the cutting surface of the spiny colony by using the Cryo-SEM. Especially noted that the true hyphal type of mycelium mainly developed the protrusion, the cytoplasm was densely occupied with abundant electron dense material in place of intra-cytoplasmic organelles. The author conclude that the Cryo-SEM is a very effective tool for observing nontreated colonies of microorganism like the spiny colony which have complicated feature in appearance, and the three dimensional aspects of the spiny colony was shown more precisely and distinctly in their native state by Cryo-SEM than in the observation by other methods.

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We recently encountered a female patient of 3 years of age whose chief complaint was her esthetic deformity owing to the bilateral congenital scars in the upper lip which were treated surgically in our clinic. Beside the above deformity, she had several comblicatious such as incisive tuber of deciduous central incisor, a supernum erary milk tooth, submucosal cleft of jaw-palate and adhesion of the frenulum of upper lip. Search of literatures revealed that so far only about 4 cases of abnormal tuber in deciduous incisor and as few as only 10 cases of supernumerary deciduous tooth were reported. According to Kurosu et al. (1968), the occurrence of incisive tuber of deciduous teeth was one to one thousand, and the occurrence was more frequently in upper jaw than in lower jaw. They also reported that the tuber occurred more frequently in central incisor than in lateral incisor and canine of the deciduous dentition. According to Ogiwara et al. (1967), the incisive tuber was an outcome of abnormal development of the lingual cervical ridge. As to the frequency of supernumerary appearance deciduous tooth, Okamoto (1941) reported that it occurred once in tens of thousands, Ikuta (1925) repoted 2 cases in 23, 600 and Fukada (1957) failed to see any in 10, 149 subjects examined. It should be noted that all these supernumerary tooth, as they appeared in so few instances, occurred in the upper frontal teeth, except that which was reported by Tochihara (1936) to have occurred in the lower frontal teeth. The incisive tuber in the present case appeared as an irregularly formed pyramidal elevation that grew upward from the cervical region of a__-|. The tuber extended to about two third of length of the crown. Radiographic examination revealed that the pulp cavity was extended into the inside of tuber, and the tooth root showed no sign of fusion with other tooth and was single-rooted. The patient also showed jaw cleft between the teeth |<bc>___- and the presence of submucosal cleft of palate was confirmed by means of radio-graphy. The deciduous tooth which was apparently supernumerary, was dislocated lingually, and the tooth |b__- was twisted by 90 degree with its labial side turned toward distal direction. Two theories have been advanced as to possible origin of the supernumeray tooth in the deciduous dentition, of which the one is based on the ontogenetic dysplasia and the other based on the phylogenetic atavism. In view of our findings on the position of the tooth erupted and the shape and size of the tooth itself, we would like to favor the theory advanced by Fujita (1958) for the origin of the supernumerary tooth as being the result of a morphological disturbance that occurred in the dental lamina.

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