The connective tissue cores (CTCs) of the lingual papillae of raccoon dog and masked palm civet were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) . A columnar primary core with some rod-shaped secondary protrusions, small rod-shaped protrusions arranged in circle and transitional forms were observed in the CTCs of the filiform papillae of the raccoon dog. The CTCs of the filiform papillae of the raccoon dog and masked palm civet had a structure similar to that of cat and Japanese black beer tongue. The CTCs of the fungiform papillae of the raccoon dog had a structure similar to that of Japanese black beer tongue and the CTCs of the fungiform papillae of the masked palm civet had a structure similar to that of crab-eating macaque tongue.

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1% chitooligosaccharide injected intraperitoneally for 14 days after full-thickness skin wounds were made. Although the effect of chitooligosaccharide on the process of skin wound healing was almost not observed, the wound size in the experimental group on day 14 was significantly smaller than that of in the group injected saline. Thus, we invested whether 1% chitooligosaccharide injected intraperitoneally per day 14 days before and after wounding promoted the healing process of the skin wound. 1% chitooligosaccharide injected intraperitoneally doesn't promote the healing process of the full-thickness skin wound but induces aseptic peritonitis with lacteous lumps on the peritoneal surface consisted inflammatory cells phagocytosing chitooligosaccharide.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine at which point in the period from postnatal week (PW) 0 up to 5 week, the different muscle fiber types and myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms are detectable in wistar rats. The sample were extensor digitrum longus (EDL ; fast type muscle), soleus (SOL ; slow type muscle) and diaphragm (DIA ; mixed type muscle) using enzyme histochemical and Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) . At PW 3, basic locomotion is acquired and MHC neonatal isoform disappeared in SDS-PAGE. Muscle fiber cross sectional area (CSA) at PW 1, SQL was much greater in type I than type II. In contrast EDL was much greater in Type II than in Type I. CSA of DIA was much greater in Type I leading up to PW 2, however after PW 3, the propensity of Type 2 was greater. We conclude that the acquisition of various actions was very closely related to the physiological development of various systems such as the brain and the nervous system, skeletal muscles, etc.

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In 2004 a dissection course of the human body was introduced for the first year PT-OT students, where the students perform the dissection by themselves, in other words“with their own scalpels”, supported by Ehime University Medical School. Based on questionnaires to the students participated in these courses, this study examined how changed students' thoughts on medical ethics related to humanity through a small group learning environment. The questionnaires were given to first year students in 2005 (PT only), 2006 (PT only) and 2007 both (PT and OT) . The results in 2005 and 2006 have been previously analyzed and published elsewhere (Yamada K, et al., J Jap Physical Therapy Ass, 2008 in press.) . Some results of the questionnaires in 2007 showed similar results to the previous ones. Those were“Watching dissection is a fearful event.”“Don't want to do the dissection”and“When you become a PT or OT, dissection is very useful to you.”The results also showed that students understood that dissection is important, but some students experienced considerable stress during the dissection course. From 2005 to 2007, gradual change was found in the answers to“If your family member wants to leave their body to medicine when they die, you would agree with them”and“When you die you'll donate your body to medicine.”The students' idea about death demonstrates a wide variety, and the difference may be getting wider. Teachers have to understand the student's personal thoughts, while the students need time to consider about the medical ethics.

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Biofilm byPseudomonas aeruginosaon the nonbiological surface caused critical problems are well known. However, biofilm on the skin wounds have not been previously observed in detail. The authors have studied ultrastructural analysis of biofilm byP. aeruginosaon rat skin wounds. A biofilm infection model was developed in male Sprague- DawleY rats by created full thickness wounds on the backs of each rat and infecting it with 5×10⁷cfu/woundP. aeruginosa (introduced green fluorescent protein) . Wounds were harvested at 1, 8, 24, 40h and 3, 7 days after inoculation, processed for histology. Biofilm was first seen 8 hours after inoculation.P. aeruginosaformed fibrin around theP. aeruginosa3 days after inoculation, by 7 days, the bioflim formed a dense coating around the bacteria by TEM. These results indicate that biofilm byP. aeruginosaon rat skin wounds formed within 8 hours after inoculation and has the characteristics of a mature biofilm much more 72 hour.

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Kringle domains found in various enzymes of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis are primary structures consisting three cross-bridges (1-6/2-4/3-5) by cysteine residues. Their characteristics are, 1) there is a consensus sequence of amino acids, NYCRN (single-letter code) among many kringles, 2) there are three lysine (c-aminocaproic acid) binding sites (HRPR, DNRRR, RYDY) and a heparin binding region (NYCRNPDNRRR), 3) both heparin and ε-aminocaproic acid competed the binding of a coagulation factor VII to the kringle of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and other homologous proteins as well, 4) the competition experiments of the binding of factor VII to uPA by synthetic peptides allowed us to suggest that the functional epitope (motif) is NYCRNPDNRRR and the first three amino acid sequence was important for the binding. Then we asked the ligand binding nature of this particular structure and carried out the assessment of three-dimensional models reconstituted by a computer-assisted method. Analysis of the hydropathy of a kringle (uPA) revealed that there are three hydrophilic regions that form secondary structural modules such as those of a helixes, anti-parallel β sheets and turns. Structural analyses carried out by RasMol demonstrated that the motif composed hydrophilic residues and showed a typical configuration similar to a α helix-turn-β helix like EF hand module found in a calcium binding protein. Geometric measurements revealed that this motif localizes in between the two other hydrophilic regions such as the portions of a helixes and anti-parallel β sheets. Those are exposed to milieu on the surface of kringle structure indicating that the motif is functionally important to interact with various ligands.

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Human anatomy models are useful to teach students the real image of three-dimensional human body structure. However, most of them are not so constantly utilized on the anatomy lecture. To put these models into practical use, several human anatomy models, including heart, cerebral ventricle, larynx, skull, brain, were digitized three-dimensionally by using a software, Strata Foto 3D, which make it possible to convert pictures of real objects taken with a ordinary camera into 3-dimensional models.
Three-dimensional digitization was successful with the models of simple outer surfaces such as heart and brain, and their surface reality was reproduced by the texture mapping technique. Outer surface images of larynx and skull were also reproduced successfully, however, appearance of large hole or deep indentation of them could not be reconstructed with this method.
Digitized model image on the display can be rotate, enlarge or reduce its size freely. So, it was considered that these digitized human anatomy models will be useful to realize the true 3D appearance of human body structure both for students and teacher.

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For co-medical education in Japan, it's difficult to dissect of the human body, because of restriction in the eye of the law. In recent years, increase in number of the co-medical schools affects burden to the department of anatomy of medical university and it's making the problem more serious. On the anatomical education, there exists difference in quality among the co-medical schools. We considered that the teachers of co-medical schools in thselves have to attempt to improve the level of anatomical education. In the Aichi Medical University Anatomical Seminar, the teachers of co-medical schools and the supervisors in practical hospitals made the“photographic teaching material of anatomy”, from the viewpoint of clinical medicine and technical education. We own this“teaching material”jointly among some co-medical schools and practical hospitals. In this study, we used this“teaching material”in a lesson, and investigated the effect. This“teaching materials”had direct effects such as‘facilitation in ability of imaging’, ‘progress of ability to apply knowledge’, ‘construction of a novel process of thinking’, and some indirect effects such as‘progress of motivation’, ‘idea on a novel learning methods’. That is to say, this“teaching materials”contributes to improve the level of anatomical education.

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