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Volume 46, Issue 3
Displaying 1-5 of 5 articles from this issue
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Atsushi TANAKA1971 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 41-51
Published: March 15, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRelationship between adjuvant activity of a lipopolysaccharide fraction of tubercle bacilli, wax D, and its chemical structures has been investigated and the followi: conclusions were obtained: (1) the presence of the peptide moiety is important for the activity; (2) mycolic acid plays an important role in the activity; (3) hydroxyl groups are not important; (4) the size of the polysaccharide portion should be large enough for wax D to exert the activity. These findings together with the isolation of a unit structure identical with wax D (‘bound wax D’)from delipidated BCG cell walls led us to the assumption that the., imilarity of wax D to the cell surface of mycobacteria in chemical and physicochemical structures may be required for wax D to be active as adjuvant.
Tubercle bacillary b odies which are usually used lot- Freund's complete adjuvant were shown to be disadvantageous particularly for a weak antigen, because the antigenicity f tubercle bacilli competes with that of an antigen incorporated, causing a negative effect on its adjuvant activity. In this connection, an acetylated and purified wax D subfraction, AD6, was found to be a much better adjuvant in that it was virtually free from competing antigenic materials, exerting no negative effect. AD6 was also found to be highly purified not only as a material but also in that it does not exert many other various biological activities and is considered to be advanta: eous as adjuvant for practical as well as research purposes.
Statistically significant increases in plaque number and size were obtained with spleen cells derived from mice which had received sheep red blood cells plus wax D or other several adjuvants when measured by Jerne's plaque technique. This strongly ug'4-ests that the adjuvants exert the adjuvant effect through increasing the number of antibody-forming cells as well as enhancing the capacity of each cell. The adjuvant effect in terms of the increase in plaque size was long-lasting, while that in term, of the increase in plaque number transitory. Memory cells appeared to be able to 'memorize' the adjuvant effect when wax D was used in the primary immunization, while wax D exerted no adjuvant effect on memory cells which had been produced by the injection of sheep red blood cells alone.
AD6 was found to increase the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in mice. This effect of AD6 was long-lasting, while other several adjuvants or stimulants were found to increase the activity only for short periods. The fact that AD6 which possesses no other biological activities so far tested except the adjuvant activity exerted the adjuvant acitivity and reticuloendothelial system-stimulating activity may suggest that these two activities may be closely related.View full abstractDownload PDF (2199K) -
Fumio ARIJI, Junji YAMAGUCHI, Sutemi OKA1971 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 53-57
Published: March 15, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe earlier biochemical studies on the acting mechanism of kanamycin, one of aminoglycoside antibiotics, have revealed that kanamycin acts on the ribosomes and inhibits the protein synthesis, and also causes a damage of the cell membrane and a decrease of the activities of respiratory enzymes in the bacterial cells. In this study, the fine structures and sites of activities of respiratory enzymes in the tubercle bacilli treated with kanamycin were investigated with electron microscope.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis H37Ra cultivated in Dubos' medium for 7 days was incubated in the medium containing kanamycin (10 mcg/rni) at 37CC for 24 and 48 hours. Succinic dehydrogenase activity was demonstrated by the method of Sedar and Burde using tetranitroblue tetrazolium (TNBT) and succinate. Cytochrome oxidase activity was demonstrated by the amine method of Burstone. The specimens were fixed in 1% 0s04 buffered with acetateveronal buffer of Michaelis (pH 6.1). The fixed cells were treated in 0.5% uranyl acetate, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and embedded in Epon 812 according to Luft.
In the tubercle bacilli treated with kanamycin, the cytoplasm appeared to be c o arse. The fine granular structures of ribosomes were not obvious. The homogeneous, slightly dense, large granules and the vacuoles were occasionally observed in the cytoplasm. These morphological changes of the cytoplasm may be explained by the degeneration of ribosomes affected by kanamycin and the inhibition of the formation of ribosomes caused by the inhibition of the protein synthesis.
The mesosomes appeared to be poorly organized or to be broken into fragments. Enzyme activities of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase, as evidenced by the deposition of dense reaction products, were located on the mesosomes, but a remarkable decrease of enzyme activities was demonstrated in the kanamycin-treated cells. These cytochemical findings were also found to be consistent with the results of biochemical determinations. Accordingly, in the case of tubercle bacilli, it is reasonable to suppose that the degeneration or the abortive formation of mesosomes occurres under the influence of kanamycin, and that the mesosomes are essential to the activities of respiratory enzymes and the growth of the cells. The elongated membrane structures, occasionally to the proximity of the large dense granules and the vacuoles, were also observed in the cytoplasm. These membrane structures may corelate with the appearance of the large granules and the vacuoles.View full abstractDownload PDF (4952K) -
Toshio OHSATO, Mareichi TOYOHARA1971 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 59-63
Published: March 15, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe biological and pharmacological studies of a new antibiotic, Tuberactinomycin (TUM) isolated from the culture firate o: Streptornyces grisco%-erticiliatus var. tuberacticus, were reported previously by Nagata et al. (Kekkaku, Vol.43, No.7, p.249 and Toyohara Kekkaku, VoL 43, No.7, p.245). In this paper, the results of TUM used for pulmonary tuberculosis patients vho failed to respond to the. treatment by the usual primary or secondary antituberculous drugs were presented.View full abstractDownload PDF (1293K) -
Part I: Thiacetazone Sensitivity of Tubercle Bacilli Isolated from Previously Untreated Tuberculous ChildrenToshio OHSATO, Kenkichi TSUKAGOSHI, Hisako SHIMIZU1971 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 65-70
Published: March 15, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSMany workers reported the thiacetazone sensitivity of tubercle bacilli isolated from patients in different countries, such as England, South India, East Africa and Hong Kong. These reports showed that British and East African strains were more sensitive than South Indian and Hong Kong strains to thiacetazone.
This paper presents th e sensitivity to thiacetazone of tubercle bacilli isolated from the previously untreated tuberculous children in Japan. The strains were stored in refrigerator after the lyophilization. The ampule containing 5 mg of tubercle bacilli was opened and 5 ml of sterile distilled water was poured in to get 1 mg, ml bacillary suspension.0.2 ml of 1 mg/ml suspension was inoculated into two Tween Albumin Dubos media and incubated for 10 to 14 days for getting 0.18 to 0.2 density by spectrophotometer. The diluted cultures were inoculated 0.1 ml each on the two slopes of 1 Ogawa's medium conaining 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mcg/ml thiacetazone. The inoculum size was 10-3 and 10-5 mg. The reading was made at 2, 4 and 6 weeks in the 10-3 mg inoculation and at 4 and 6 weeks in the 10--5mg inoculation.
The sensitivity to thiacetazone was tested in 40 strains. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Among 40 strains, 11 strains (27.5%) showed 0.5 mcg/ml or less MIC and 20 strains (50%) showed 1 mcg ml MIC at 4 weeks' reading in the 10-3 mg inoculation.9 strains (22.5%) showed 2 mcg/ml or more MIC. Geometric mean MIC of 40 strains was 0.966 and the value was situated between the value of British, East African and that of South Indian, Hong Kong strains.
The proportion of resistant mutants on thiacetazone containing media was widely different by the strains (Table 2).
Above mentioned te s t of the sensitivity to thiacetazone was performed by the use of Tibione made in Japan. The comparison of drug activity for tubercle bacilli between Conteben made in Germany and Tibione made in Japan was done to make sure the activity of Tibione. As seen in Table 3. the activity of both drugs was not different.
In conclusion, the tubercle bacilli isolated from th e previously untreated tuberculous children in Japan showed moderate thiacetazone resistance,View full abstractDownload PDF (1481K) -
—Observations during the Period from 1963 to 1968—[in Japanese]1971 Volume 46 Issue 3 Pages 71-75
Published: March 15, 1971
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe total number of surgical treatment conducted at the institutions participating to the committee was 3, 587 in 1963, and it gradually decreased to 1, 379 in 1968, which corresponds to 37% of the figure in 1963.
The proportion of cas e s with preoperative positive sputum was 42% in 1963, and it dropped to 27% in 1968. The proportion of cavitary cases was 72% in 1963 and 76%, in 1968. Dividing by the % VC, cases with % VC below 50, 51 to 70, and over 71 were 8%, 20% and 72%, respectively. Cases with % VC below 50 occupied 14% of sputum positive cases and 5% of sputum negative cases. Among cavitary cases, 49% was sputum negative in 1963, and the rate raised to 66% in 1968.
Observing by the m ethod of operation, resection occupied 75% (pneumonectomy 11%, lobectomy 43% and other resection 21%), thoracoplasty 17% and other operations 8%. During the period from 1963 to 1968, the proportion of pneumonectomy unchanged, that of other resection, thoracoplasty and other operations decreased, while the proportion of lobectomy increased from 22% in 1963 to 53% in 1968. Thoracoplasty was conducted more frequently for bacilli positive cases than for negative cases.
Over-all results of surgical treatment c o nducted during the period from 1963 to 1968 were the following: successful 84.3%, died 2.3% and cases with post-operative complications 5.7%. Comparing by the preoperative bacteriological status, the rate of successful cases was 74% for bacilli positive cases and 92% for negative cases, the mortality rate was 4.7% and 1.3%, respectively, and the incidence of post-operative complications was 9.9% and 3.1%, respectively. Observing by the method of operation, the rate of successful cases was 91.3% for lobectomy and other operations, 74.5% for pneumonectomy, 73.9% for thoracoplasty and 64.1% for other operations.
The mortality rate of pneumonectomy was 8.3% in 1963, and it has been improved during the latter half of the period and fell to 4.3% in 1968. The incidence rate of post-operative complications also showed improvement among cases receiving pneumonectomy during this period; it was 14.2%, in 1963 and 6.9%, in 1968. The incidence rate of post-operative complications has reduced also among cases receiving lobectomy and other resections as well as other operations.
The mortality rate and the incidence rate of post operative complications were observed among bacilli positive cases, Similar trend as mentioned above was also found in these cases, and the improvement was most marked in the incidence rate of post-operative complications of pneumonectomy.View full abstractDownload PDF (1040K)
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