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Volume 53, Issue 1
Displaying 1-6 of 6 articles from this issue
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Susumu HARADA1978 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 1-10
Published: January 15, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of BCG and X-radiation of sublethal dose on reticuloendothelial system (RES) were studied in mice. An attempt was also made to evaluate the action of BCG on the recovery of immune responsiveness in irradiated mice.
1) Carbon clearance test and measurement of spread macrophage in peritoneal cells were used to assay the function of RES. The result of carbon clearance was in good accordance with the one of macrophage spreading test.
2) Either intracutaneous or intravenous route of BCG administration increased the activity of RES. The functional levels of RES reached a maximum 3 to 5 weeks after BCG inoculation. When BCG was given intravenously, the highly increased level of phagocytic activity was obtained even one week after BCG injection.
3) Whereas X-radiation of sublethal dose caused a marked reduction of the number of peritoneal cells, the decrease of RES activity was not found. Although X-radiation suppressed markedly the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), delayed type reactivity recovered quickly to a normal level. The production of plaque forming cells (PFC) in spleen also recovered within 2 weeks after X-radiation and thereafter increased rather, while PFC in the draining lymph node reduced markedly and its recovery was protracted. BCG inoculation in X-radiated mice could not increase the number of peritoneal cells while it increased the activity of RES and the immune responsiveness to SRBC.
4) BCG inoculation made mice extremely susceptible to pseudomonas infection either 2 to 3 weeks after i. v. inoculation or 5 weeks after i. c. inoculation. But a marked resistance than normal controls was found 10 weeks after the i. c. inoculation of BCG. On the other hand, X-radiation caused a serious damage to protective activity against pseudomonas infection and no increase of resistance throughout experimental period.View full abstractDownload PDF (1541K) -
Hozumi YAMADA1978 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 11-23
Published: January 15, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn this study, the author tried to determine whether the immunopotentiating action of BCG was related to its various effects on tumors.
The immunologic responses to sheep red blood cells (sRBC) were used as the indicator of the immunopotentiating action of BCG. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was evaluated by footpad reaction and Jerne's hemolytic plaque test was used to determine the humoral immune response.
The author investigated the immunoprophylactic effect of BCG on the development of tumors induced by 20-Methylcholanthrene (MCA) and also investigated the anti-tumor effect of BCG on a transplanted MCA-induced fibrosarcoma.
1) The level of DTH to sRBC reached the highest peak 5 weeks after BCG priming. The humoral immune response reached its maximum in 7 to 11 weeks.
2) In the experiment of MCA-tumorigenesis, the rate of tumor appearance increased by BCG given at the same time as MCA exposure. On the other hand, BCG proved to be somewhat effective for tumor protection when it was given 4 weeks after MCA exposure. A significant, but temporary protection against tumorigenesis was obtained by BCG given 8 weeks after MCA exposure.
The rate of tumor appearance increased by Wax D given at the same time as MCA exposure, or 8 weeks after MCA exposure. On the other hand, Wax D proved to be exceedingly effective in preventing the development of tumors when it was administered 4 weeks after MCA exposure.
3) When MCA was administered to mice, DTH and humoral immune response to sRBC markedly decreased. BCG administration antagonized these immuno-suppressive effects.
When BCG was given 1 week after MCA exposure, BCG recovered the decreased level of DTH by MCA in 4 to 8 weeks. The humoral immune response, however, was markedly increased 12 weeks after MCA administration.
4) In the experiment dealing with transplanted MCA-induced fibrosarcoma, the inhibition of tumor growth was noticed in mice receiving BCG administration before tumorgrafting. On the other hand, if BCG was administered after tumorgrafting rather than before, tumor growth was enhanced.
5) In tumor-bearing mice, the level of DTH to sRBC was not increased but rather decreased by BCG administration although the humoral immune response to sRBC was strongly increased.
When BCG and cyclophosphamide were used in combination, the level of DTH was greatly increased in spite of the fact that humoral immune response was totally arrested.
6) Sera of tumor-bearing mice, when injected, accelerated the growth of a transplanted tumor although sera of normal mice did not do so.View full abstractDownload PDF (1945K) -
Can the Duration of TB Treatment Be Even Shorter?Sze-Piao YANG, Kwen-Tay LUH, Hsiao-Wen LUAN, Cheng-Erh CHANG1978 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 25-37
Published: January 15, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
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Pathological processes by intravenous inoculationFumiyuki KUZE, Nobuo MAEKAWA, Yasuhiro SUZUKI1978 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 39-48
Published: January 15, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSRelatively high dose of various atypical mycobacteria were inoculated intravenously into conventional mice (dd strain) and the pathological processes were evaluated mainly by the successively recovered viable units of bacilli in the lungs, spleens and kidneys. In addition, the mean body weights of mice, macroscopic pathological findings as well as root indices of lung and spleen were used for the comparisons of the pathogenicities of the various atypical mycobacteria.
One strain of M. kansasii, one of M. scrofulaceum, 5 of M. intracellulare, one of M. xenopi and one of M. fortuitum as well as M. tuberculosis (Kurono) as for the comparison were injected to each group of 20 mice. The inoculum sizes were in the range of 2.0×105 to 1.4×108 viable units of bacilli.
Three mice of each group were sacrificed at 24 hours, 3 days, 9 days, 16 days, 30 days and 44 days after inoculation. The organs (lung, spleen and kidney) were emulsified by Teflon homogenizers adding the suitable amount of 2% NaOH aqueous solution and were cultured on 1% Ogawa media by successive ten times-dilutions in order to calculate the viable units of bacilli in each organ. At the same time, the weights of the organs and the macroscopic patho logical findings were evaluated. The remaining mice were sacrificed for the microscopic histopathological sections at the end of the observation.
No mouse died in this period of observation except two, one infected with M. tuberculosis, which showed an extensive pulmonary lesions at autopsy and another, which was infected with M. intracellulare and showed no macroscopic pathology. Normal increase of body weights were moderately suppressed in the mice infected with M. tuberculosis (Kurono) and M. kansasii, however, remaining groups of mice infected with various atypical mycobacteria other than M. kansasii showed apparently normal gains of their body weights.
On the observation of macroscopic pathology, the pathologic lesions provoked by various atypical mycobacteria were as a whole minimal to moderate, if any, and not constant in the lungs as well as in other organs, though extensively far advanced lesions were detected constantly in the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis (Kurono) towards 16 days after inoculation. One exception was the lesions in the kidneys provoked by M. fortuitum (No.49), which were rather constantly confirmed in the latter half of the observation with moderate severity.
The results of the calculations of the culturable acid-fast bacilli as well as the microscopic findings suggested a lower pathogenicity of mycobacteria other than human tubercle bacilli. Although the culturable bacilli in the lungs showed a tendency of steady increase in the mice infected with M. tuberculosis, apparent spontaneous regressions of the pulmonary lesions in the mice infected with various atypical mycobacteria were suggested by frequent decreases of culturable bacilli towards the end of the observation, and occasional rapid disappearances of the culturable bacilli confirmed again a definite low pathogenicity of atypical mycobacteria for mice.View full abstractDownload PDF (5178K) -
With Special Reference to Flow-Volume Curve and Closing Volume, and Their Relation with Various FactorsKatsuhito HIROI1978 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 49-63
Published: January 15, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt has not been studied enough on pulmonary function impairment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis by using Flow-Volume Curve and Closing Volume. We examined various factors of pulmonary tuberculosis, Flow-Volume Curve, N2-Closing Volume, fraction of lung volume, FEV1.0/VC% and VC, % in 420 cases who were being hospitalized as pulmonary tuberculosis or its sequelae at Tokyo National Chest Hospital and The First Department of Internal Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine. The results obtained were as follows:
1) With the increase in the extent of pulmonary tuberculosis, a decrease of V max is observed, and an increase of each ΔN2/L phase III, CV/VC%, CC/TLC%, CC/FRC% become stronger and the variability of the index of V max except V max 10 also increases, but the variability of CV, ΔN2/L phase III shows no relation with the extent of pulmonary tuberculosis. Its variability is smaller compared with that of V max.
2) Confining cases to Moderately Advanced Ones (N. T. A.), the regression equation curve of FEV1.0/VC% and that of V. max are steeper in higher age groups, and positive significant correlation is found between them. The F-V Curve-Area of the aged is approximately one-thirds of the young patients.
3) Though the regression equation curve of CV/VC% in patients with lesions in unilateral upper lung zone approaches by aging to the equation curve of “Buist and Ross” which is considered to be the standard of the normal persons, it dissociates in cases with lesions in the bilateral upper lung zone. Regarding ΔN2/L phase III, it dissociates by aging from the standard equation of the “Buist and Ross” in both cases.
4) There are certain number of cases with no clear CV (phase IV) among cases which have conspicuous lesions on X-Ray in the whole bilateral upper lung zone.
5) In cases of pleural lesion, CV/VC% shows a slight increase, and ΔN2/L phase III remarkable one, while V max shows a marked decrease.
6) Confining cases to Moderately Advanced Ones, the influence of pleural lesion appears in V max. On the other hand, in Far Advanced Cases, the influence of emphysematous change does not appear in V max. In these cases, the usefulness of F-V Curve is quite small.
7) In the cases of complicated lesions with deformity due to surgical treatment, a decrease of V max and increases of CV and ΔN2/L phase III are remarkable. No significant correlation is found among V max, CV and ΔN2/L phase III.
8) In most of the cases with pulmonary tuberculosis which shows the decrease of VC% and that of FEV1.0/VC%, a decrease of V max and an increase of ΔN2/L phase III, CV are observed.
Although there are many difficulties in evaluating F-V Curve and CV in pulmonary tuberculosis, we are able to point out that these new pulmonary function tests have some usefulness over the traditional one in managing pulmonary tuberculosis.View full abstractDownload PDF (1662K) -
Report of the Study Year 1975-1976The Co-operative Study Group1978 Volume 53 Issue 1 Pages 65-72
Published: January 15, 1978
Released on J-STAGE: May 24, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSScreening for atypical mycobacteria (mycobacteria other than tubercle bacilli) were carried out in thirteen participating hospitals by using the p-nitrobenzoic acid-Ogawa egg medium. The subjects were the patients who were under hospitalization in June, September and December, 1975 and March, 1976. The isolation of mycobacteria was carried out using Ogawa egg medium which was inoculated with a sputum specimen after treatment with equal volume of a 4% (2%) NaOH solution for 15 minutes.
1. The ratio of atypical mycobacteria (including Gordona) among all mycobacteria was 7.8% in average and the ratio in senso stricto (excluding Gordona) was 7.5% in average (Table 1). The ratio was high in the hospitals located in South coast of Honshu and Shikoku islands facing Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1).
2. The kinds of species of atypical mycobacteria are shown in Table 2. The results agreed well with the results obtained by previous two studies (National Chest Hospital Group: Kekkaku, 48: 203-211, 1973; 51: 99-107, 1976).
3. The number of patients with lung disease due to atypical mycobacteria who were hospitalized in the period April, 1975 to March, 1976 was 128. Out of these, ca. 94% of the patients belonged to the disease due to M. avium-intracellulare omplex, and only 3% to that due to M. kansasii. Two cases showed the disease due to M fortuitum (Table 3). The frequency of occurrence of disease, so far observed using a ratio, the number of patients with disease due to atypical mycobacteria per the number of patients with lung disease (including tuberculosis) under hospitalization per day, as an index, was high in the hospitals located in the South coast of Honshu and Shikoku islands facing Pacific Ocean (Table 4 and Fig. 2).
4. The kinds of species isolated from sputa of patients with cavitary lung disease (mostly tuberculosis) and/or bronchiectasis were almost the same in three studies (Table 5). However, decrease in the ratio of M. nonchromogenicum was observed (1968 7.5%, 1971 4.4%, 1974 2.3%, t975 0.4%).
5. The kinds of species that caused lung disease were almost similar in our three studies (Table 6). Disease due to M. aviwn-intracellulare complex showed 94 to 96% of all atypical mycobacterioses, and disease due to M. kansasii 2 to 4% (Table 6). So far observed from the index used, the ratio of patients with lung disease due to atypical mycobacteria is increasing (Table 6). This increase has been suggested to be due to accumulation of such patients, as our another study (Kekkaku, 51: 447-451, 1976) showed that the prevalence rate of the disease among newly hospitalized patients was almost the same in recent five years (1971 to 1975).View full abstractDownload PDF (899K)
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