Objectives: 1) To evaluate the association between dietary satisfaction and behavior, and 2) to evaluate the association between dietary behavior (taking care of diet for health) and factors of the trans-theoretical model (TTM) or social cognitive theory including outcome expectations (OE) and self-efficacy (SE) in individuals with physical disabilities.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as an anonymous questionnaire survey of individuals with disabilities at two sports centers in Tokyo between June and July 2012. A total of 739 questionnaires were distributed, and responses were received from 652 individuals (88.2% recovery rate). Finally, responses from 391 adults with physical disabilities (52.9% valid response rate) were analyzed. 1) The associations between dietary satisfaction and dietary behavior, and 2) the associations between taking care of diet for health and TTM, OE and SE were determined using binomial logistic regression analysis.
Results: 1) Dietary satisfaction was significantly associated with taking care of diet for health. 2) Taking care of diet for health was significantly associated with the readiness to eat fruits (Model 1, TTM), with thinking that it is very important to eat fruits (Model 2, OE), and with being sure to eat green vegetables and fruits (Model 3, SE).
Conclusions: The behavioral factor associated with dietary satisfaction in community-dwelling individuals with physical disabilities was taking care of diet for health. The relationships between taking care of diet for health and dietary factors suggested that the key element of healthy eating habits was the attitude toward eating vegetables and fruits.

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Objective: The present study examined the prevalence and correlates of awareness about the role physical activity plays in colon cancer prevention among Japanese adults.
Methods: Data were analyzed for 1,964 Japanese adults (aged 44.7 years) who responded to an internet-based cross-sectional survey. The survey was used to assess awareness of the role of physical activity in colon cancer prevention, knowledge of colon cancer, exposure to information about physical activity and cancer, a self-reported physical activity and sociodemographic variables (gender, age, marital status, education level, employment status, household income, and colon cancer history). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used.
Results: Overall, 47.5% of respondents were aware of the preventive role of physical activity on colon cancer. Respondents aged 60-69 (AOR, 95%CI: 0.59, 0.45-0.79) were significantly less likely to be aware than respondents aged 20-29 years, while those with college graduates or higher (1.32, 1.05-1.66) were more likely to be aware than those who had graduate junior high or high school. Moreover, exposure to information about cancer and physical activity (2.07, 1.71-2.51), and meeting physical activity recommendations (1.43, 1.12-1.84) were positively associated with the awareness.
Conclusions: Awareness of the role of physical activity in colon cancer prevention was not sufficient. The finding suggests that strategies are needed for promoting awareness of the effect of physical activity in colon cancer prevention among Japanese adults, especially in consideration of age and education level.

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Objective: To examine the validity of self-reported 1-year body weight change among Japanese adults and compare characteristics between those who did and did not accurately recognize a > 3-kg body weight change.
Methods: We performed a longitudinal study of 2,982 workers (1,492 men, 1,490 women) who underwent specific health checkups by a health insurance society in 2009 and 2010 in Japan. We divided the participants into two groups based on their responses to the statement, “I had a > 3-kg body weight change in this year” (in 2010). They were then divided into four groups according to the amount of body weight change within 1 year, and the validity was examined. Finally, the four groups were divided into two subgroups (actual body weight gain or loss), and only the groups who experienced actual body weight changes of > 3 kg were analyzed.
Results: There were 679 participants in the inaccurate/no-change group and 191 in the inaccurate/change group; thus, 29.2% (870/2,982) of all participants were inaccurate. There were more men than women in the inaccurate/gain than accurate/gain group (64.8%, p = 0.012). Amounts and percentages of body weight gain were smaller in the inaccurate/gain than in the accurate/gain group among both men and women (all, p < 0.05).
Conclusion: About 30% of participants did not estimate their body weight change accurately. A greater number of men did not estimate their body weight gain accurately, and the gain was small in the inaccurate participants among both men and women.

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Objective: This study aimed to develop a scale for understanding the meal-making motivations of homemakers by focusing on motivations behind meal-making behavior.
Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study using a web panel survey in January 2013 with 30-55-year-old homemakers living in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Participants were female homemakers who had (1) no children, (2) children in elementary school but no preschool-aged children, or (3) children in elementary school and preschool. One-hundred homemakers were included in each group for a total of 300 participants.
Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of 22 meal-making motivation items were performed and the best-fit index was obtained for three factors and eight items (GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.97, CFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.00, AIC = 54.22). Further, Cronbach's alpha was 0.96 for the factor “spontaneous motivation”, 0.81 for the factor “motivation corresponding with expectations”, and 0.82 for the factor “motivation from consideration of family”. Thus, each factor had sufficient internal consistency. Further, concurrent and construct validity were confirmed.
Conclusions: The meal-making motivation scale for homemakers can be used as a scale for understanding the motivations behind meal-making behavior among female homemakers in the Tokyo metropolitan area.

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Objective: This study examines the reliability and validity of the Happiness & Health Feeling Scale (2HFS) for university students.
Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 1,031 students in the School of Health and Sports Science of a Japanese university (response rate: 26.7%). Totally, valid responses were 267 (male = 156, female = 104). The 2HFS comprises 6 factors with 18 items. The analysis included the following: 1) exploratory factor analysis 2) confirmatory factor analysis to examine the construct validity 3) examination of the internal consistency of the scale using Cronbach's alpha 4) determining criterion-related validity through assessment of the association between the 2HFS scale scores and the General Health Questionnaire-30 (GHQ-30), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SRDS), and Adolescent Resilience Scale (ARS); and 5) examination of the relationship between the 6 2HFS factors and subjective health life (the partial correlation coefficient).
Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed 6 factors with 16 items. Cronbach's alpha was 0.766~0.917. The goodness-of-fit of the model was good according to the results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFI = 0.941, RMSEA = 0.079). Concurrent validity was observed (the partial correlation coefficient = 0.20~0.52). Furthermore, the 6 factors of the 2HFS correlated with subjective health life (the partial correlation coefficient = 0.34~0.74).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the reliability and validity of the Happiness & Health Feeling Scale (2HFS) was satisfactory for university students.

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