Aim : The aim of this study was to clarify the thoughts on local life, child-rearing and support needs of Japanese mothers staying in Jakarta with a focus on the representative wives of 3^rd or 4^th year-staying there.

Method : We carried out semi-structured interviews of five Japanese mothers staying in Jakarta during September 2018. The data were analyzed using the qualitative synthesis method.

Result : Japanese mothers staying in Jakarta felt “concern about special life circumstances”. They experienced “a sense of uneasy about medical care and a change in correspondence” and they came to have “a feeling of expectation of child-rearing support”. Moreover, they came to develop a feeling of having adapted to the living environment. On the other hand, they had a sense of uneasiness about returning to Japan permanently. However, they came to have positive thoughts that “communication will be based on deep human relationships”.

Conclusions : It became clear that mothers’ thoughts on local life, child rearing, and support needs had above-mentioned structures. It is suggested that as life in Jakarta was prolonged, mothers adapted and gradually changed negative thoughts into positive thoughts. It is also suggested that as their permanent return to Japan approached, mothers developed the will to dispatch information, and gradually changed from being information receivers into information providers.

Male people under 40 years old don’t undergo specific health examinations (Japan), and are not indicated about metabolic syndrome compartments. We studied life-style characteristics of male people under 40 years old based on specific health examination questionnaire (health practice index, HPI, Breslow’s seven life-style categories). The group we adopted was some JA staff group. In this group, age distribution was uniform. Male people (30-39 years old) belonged largely to preliminary metabolic syndrome compartments and indicated low HPI. The critical problems of life-style were found in low HPI group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in salivary oxidation-reduction potentials and mouth wettability with salivary gland massage. The authors consider that accelerated salivary secretion by salivary gland massage may enhance mouth wettability, promote antioxidant activity, and reduce active oxygen, and focused on salivary oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and mouth wettability. This was a self-controlled study performed on 48 healthy adult men and women. The same subject both did and did not undergo salivary gland massage : salivary ORP and mouth wettability were compared with and without the massage. When the massage was conducted, the change in subjective evaluation before and after the stimuli given was observed. The massage significantly reduced salivary ORP values, and significantly increased mouth wettability. Subjective evaluation indicated that the massage relaxed study subjects, which enhanced the feeling that the inside of the mouth was wet and that saliva flowed out. These results suggest the possibility that salivary gland massage may reduce salivary ORP and enhance mouth wettability, resulting in increased self-cleansing action of the mouth.

To identify the level of empathy in nurses for persons with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) and the factors related to the empathy, a questionnaire survey was conducted to 495 nurses working in 25 Facilities for persons with SMID affiliated to the Kanto, Chubu Nursing Workshop Association. The questionnaire contained : 16 items from the Empathic Support Behavior (ESB) Scale to measure the level of empathy of nurses : demographic factors, workplace environment factors, self-assessment as a nurse, perceptions of nursing for persons with SMID that may influence empathy support behaviors. By a bivariate analysis factors that had statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in the total score of the ESB Scale were extracted. Using the total score of the ESB scale as the objective variable and the factors extracted as explanatory variables, a multiple regression analysis was performed. The result showed that the following items were associated with the empathy of nurses : “as nurses being relied on by families”, “attaching importance to the subjective complaints of persons with SMID”, “feeling that the conditions of the severely disabled individuals are improving by the daily life support”, and “high total scores for career commitment”. Nurses with higher levels of empathy placed importance on dealing with the subjective complaints of the persons with SMID, perceived the changes in the persons with SMID as a result of the daily life support provided, and committed themselves to a nursing career. These show that empathy behaviors of nurses promote a relationship of mutual trust through interactions between nurses and families, and this is a factor in the nurses becoming relied on by families. The findings suggest the importance of planning workshops and study meetings to improve the level of empathy of nurses.

In recent years, the number of elderly males providing care for partners they live together with has increased, these elderly caregivers experience difficulties both in housework and caregiving, and the burden on the caregivers has become a serious issue. It is necessary for elderly males to acquire the knowledge and skills involved in the care prior to engaging in the care so that they can easily adjust to life while providing the care and lead a comfortable life after retirement. This study aims to develop a self-assessment scale for care preparedness in elderly males (the level of knowledge and skills needed to perform the care and the readiness to provide the care) and to examine the reliability and validity of the scale. Based on an interview survey of male elderly caregivers (over the age of 60) and home-visit nurses and a literature review, a draft scale of 25 items was developed. Using the draft scale, a questionnaire survey was administered to 568 elderly males (husbands, spouses) over the age of 60 living in the community in the City of Chiba and Prefecture A in the Kanto region of Japan, who attended college lectures for seniors. As a result of an exploratory factor analysis using the data from 274 elderly males, items with low factor loads were deleted, resulting in a care preparedness scale with 4 factors and 17 items. The four factors were named “spouse affection”, “housework performance”, “knowledge about care”, and “presence of friends to assist in the care”. The model of the four factors was examined by a covariance structure analysis, and the following indices of fit were obtained : CMIN＝272.6, GFI＝0.874, AGFI＝0.825, CFI＝0.915, and RMSEA＝0.087 ; overall the goodness of fit was determined to be high. Further, the Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.85 for the entire scale and 0.84 to 0.91 for the subfactors, showing a sufficient internal consistency. For the concurrent validity, the validity was largely established because there were statistically significant correlations in all the four factors with the circumstances of the respondents and three factors in subjective health (excluding “knowledge about care”).

The self-assessment scale for care preparedness in elderly males with 4 factors and 17 items developed in this study was determined to be reliable and approximately valid.

This study aimed to clarify the factors affecting the establishment of the workplace of female nurses with preschoolers who are working in hospitals with a nursery for sick children facilities and their perceptions on a nursery for sick children.

Anonymous self-report questionnaire surveys were conducted by mail. For female nurses with preschoolers, we surveyed the basic attributes, family status, workplace status, facility usage, perceptions on a nursery for sick children, and likelihood of establishment in the current workplace. All variables underwent the Kruskal-Wallis test and other multiple comparisons. Nurses’ perceptions on a nursery for sick children underwent a qualitative inductive analysis.

The survey for female nurses with preschoolers generated 483 responses. Workplace retention was significantly influenced by years of experience, dual income, ease of workplace, ease of balancing work and childcare, understanding from the manager, existence of a model, and hope for rest. Perceptions on a nursery for sick children were extracted from four categories : [Call for improvements in usage], [I need self-care when my child is sick], [I realize that I receive support from a nursery for sick children], and [I wonder if it is good for children].

A nursery for sick children is not a factor in the establishment of a workplace, but a flexible response is required, such as being able to take a break from work when a child was sick.

The objective of this study was to examine research on patient needs and nursing support for the decision-making process of respiratory therapy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A literature review was conducted using keywords such as “decision-making”, “support ”, and “ALS ” or “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis” in EBSCO host and a search system called “Ichushi-Web”. Eleven studies were then analyzed. The following categories were identified regarding patients’ 10 needs for respiratory decision-making : guarantee of self-determination, discussing choices and decisions with others, information required for selection or decision, life-and-death conflict linked to respiratory therapy choices, anxiety and fear of dyspnea, desire to live, professional support, family understanding, self-determination, concerns about increased family care burden, concerns about quality of life after the introduction of mechanical ventilation, and the concrete image of life with a respiratory system. Meanwhile, nursing support can be classified into 7 categories : image of medical treatment life with auxiliary ventilation, assessment of respiratory function and general conditions, palliative care for symptoms, establishing a care system according to the progression of symptoms, building good relationships, thorough respect for the patient’s will, and attitude of waiting for manifestation of intention. It is considered that the number of documents is small, and nursing support is not sufficiently included. Thus, it is necessary to deepen the knowledge of nursing support that supports the decision-making process of respiratory therapy from both sides-patient and nurse, combine quantitative research, and integrate nursing support that assists in the decision-making process, such as the elements and structure of nursing support.

Antiatherogenic effect of a domestic species of garlic ‘Hokkaido Zairai’ cultivated in Tokoro, Kitami, Hokkaido, which is called pink garlic was evaluated using apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice. Male apoE-deficient mice (4-week-old) were fed a high-fat diet (HF), HF diet with 0.15% (w/w) cholesterol (HC), and HC diet with 5% pink garlic powder (HC-G), respectively. After mice fed the diets for 13 weeks, we collected their serum, feces, and heart. The serum and feces were used for lipid analysis and the aortic valve of heart was used for the lipid deposition evaluation with Oil Red O stained. Dietary pink garlic powder reduced serum total cholesterol contents, suppressed lipid deposition areas of aortic valve, and enhanced the fecal neutral sterol excretion compared with dietary HC diet. Moreover, the fecal neutral sterols excretion in the HC-G group have been increased by fibers contained in pink garlic. These results suggest that dietary pink garlic may decrease serum cholesterol content and suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice.

This study aimed to investigate the factors related to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using baseline data from a cohort study that targeted older adult users of outpatient preventive long-term care services.

The study participants were registered in March 2017 and March 2018. Pure-tone audiometry, the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J), and a self-administered questionnaire survey were conducted. The participants were classified into two groups based on MoCA-J scores : the MCI group (≤25 points) and the healthy group (≥26 points). A logistic model was used to adjust the effects of multiple factors, and the odds ratios (ORs) for the MCI were calculated.

Of the 296 registered participants, 217 (73%) had MCI. In total, 272 participants who fully answered the questionnaire were analyzed. The results indicated that the ORs for MCI increased with increases in age (65-79 vs. 80-84 years : OR＝2.18 ; 65-79 vs. ≥85 years : OR＝6.56). Participants with a history of diabetes had elevated ORs for MCI (OR＝3.06). On the other hand, the ORs for MCI decreased in women (OR＝0.46), those with a history of cerebrovascular disease (OR＝0.30), those with a history of heart disease (OR＝0.39), and those with high scores for instrumental activities of daily living (1-9 vs. 10-11 : OR＝0.20 ; 1-9 vs. ≥12 : OR＝0.37).

　These results suggest that aging and diabetes are risk factors for MCI.

To identify the relationship of changes in organizational commitment with individual self-efficacy and locus of control at three years after novice nurses start their career, we conducted a yearly questionnaire survey for three years for 329 new graduate nurses working in eight hospitals in the Kanto and Koshin-etsu area. The survey inquired on organizational commitment, general self-efficacy in individuals, and locus of control. The self-efficacy score, the locus of control score, and the organizational commitment sub-scale score (purpose, intention, utility, retention) were calculated, and a path diagram was created using each variable as an observation variable. The analysis subjects were 44 people who answered 3. The direct effect of self-efficacy on organizational commitment (purpose) was confirmed in the first year of the nurses’ career. In the second year, the direct effect of self-efficacy on organizational commitment (intention) was confirmed. However, in the third year, no direct effect on self-efficacy was found, only indirect, on organizational commitment (purpose) and organizational commitment (intention), for which locus of control mediated the effect. The results confirmed that strengthening and sustaining individual confidence could enhance organizational commitment immediately after the beginning of the career. However, after a few years, instead of organizational commitment being influenced only by strengthening individual confidence, a higher internal control for judgment (i.e., the ability to control one’s own action without depending on others) influenced organizational commitment.

The study aims to consider the of psychological Empowerment and Interpersonal Confidence of University Students on Examining Forms of Community Participation.

A total of 242 nursing students with a specialization in science were surveyed. These students have completed 2-4 years in the University in the Tohoku district. In April, 2020, a questionnaire survey on psychological empowerment was carried out online via Office365 Microsoft Forms. The survey focused on interpersonal confidence among the target students.

The number of the valid questionnaires was 166 (response rate : 68.6%). As for the community participation existence, 157 people (94.6%), community nothing were nine (5.4%). No community participation significantly displayed a low median in between “exteriorization” (p＝0.006) and “trust for the social general person” and between confidence toward others (p＝0.031) and psychological empowerment. In the correlation between psychological empowerment and confidence toward others, a weak equilateral correlation was observed for “utilization” of the object of community participation and “strategic trust for building a bond” (r＝0.273, p＝0.001), “utilization” and “trust for specific persons” (r＝0.210, p＝0.008), “exteriorization” and “strategic trust for building a bond” (r＝0.252, p＝0.001), and “exteriorization” and “trust for specific persons” (r＝0.243, p＝0.002). In contrast, a strong equilateral correlation was observed for “utilization” and “trust in the society” (r＝0.852, p＝0.004), “exteriorization” and “trust in the society” (r＝0.920, p<0.001), among persons targeted for community participation.

Exteriorization of psychological empowerment was low, and no community participation clearly illustrated that trust in society was low. It increases the points of contact with the society to build imminent “trust with persons of authority,” such as family or friends in school and arrests own action socially.

In Nantan City, Kyoto Prefecture, a questionnaire survey on the activity status was conducted for 12 volunteer members with the aim of clarifying the factors related to the continuation of the activities of the child-rearing support volunteer group. In addition, two major volunteer members were interviewed about the purpose, transition, and achievements of the last five years. The eight respondents in the questionnaire survey were all female and were 68.7±6.8 years old. The triggers for the activity were “related to previous work” and “invited”, and the reasons for continuing the activity were “relationship between members” and “significance of the activity”. Although there are difficulties in reducing the content of activities due to the aging of members and suspension of activities of some members, difficulty in securing successors, and difficulty in participating in the activities of the mother generation, the activities in the last 5 years are almost the same as before. These results indicate that the factors related to the continuation of child-rearing support volunteer activities are that the members have work experience and social roles related to children, and that the members have opportunities to interact with colleagues and child-rearing generations who share the same purpose in the community.