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Yasutada NAKAGAWA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
1-6
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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Metal bumps are used to connect Si chip to printed circuit board in Flip-Chip surface mount technology. These Bumps are sometimes broken by thermal stess due to thermal expansion difference of Si chip and printed circuit board. Thermoset adhesive is used in order to prevent bumps from breaking. Thermoset adhesive is filled between Si chip and printed circuit board and heated to be cured. The bubble of gas occures from heated printed circuit board in this process. The viscosity should be kept low in the earier process in order to exhaust bubble from thermoset, although the viscosity becomes higher in the hetaing process by cure reaction. In the other hand, the terminal cure reaction rate should be high in order to ensure reliability of adhesive. In this study, the viscosity and cure rate are modelled as functions of time and temperature. By using these models, heating temperature profile of this process is optimized in order to avoid bubble and ensure reliability of adhesive.
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Proposition of a Technique which does not Require Excitation Data
Akihiro SUZUKI, Keisuke KAMIYA, Jun MIHARA, Kimihiko YASUDA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
7-13
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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As a means to determine accurate boundary conditions, experimental identification techniques attract interest of engineers and many techniques have been proposed. In previous papers, the authors have proposed techniques to determine nonlinear boundary conditions with dynamical response and excitation data. But in practice, there are cases in which it is difficult to measure excitation data. Therefore, this study aims to propose a technique which does not require excitation data. Similarly to the previous techniques, it is imposed on the new technique to require neither the measurement nor the application of excitation at the boundaries. As a basic study for the technique, a beam is considered. In the proposed technique, the boundaries are modeled by springs and dampers as well as equivalent mass and moment of inertia, and their characteristics are determined by the harmonic balance method. Experiments are conducted, and the applicability of the proposed technique is confirmed.
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Takehiko EGUCHI, Takashi KOUNO
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
14-21
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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That a narrow gap between a shroud and a disk reduces disk flutter amplitude is a well known and very important fact for the industry of hard disk drives. This effect has been explained by a reduction in airflow excitation because of blockage of the vertical flow from one side of the disk to the other side. However, we found a quite different phenomenon in our experiments. In the experiments, the frequency spectra of disk flutter were measured for various disk-shroud gaps. The frequency spectrum for a narrow gap showed more rounded peaks than for a wide gap, and the amplitudes of the flat area between the peaks were approximately same in the both cases. That is, the damping ratios of the disk flutter were increased by the narrow disk-shroud gap, but the mode excitations were not reduced. We derived theoretical equations of aerodynamic damping from the energy dissipation of flow induced by disk flutter at a disk-shroud gap. With reasonable parameters, these equations explained the experimental results very well, and the mechanism of the aerodynamic damping was confirmed. According to the equations, the damping ratios of disk flutter due to aerodynamic damping are inversely proportional to the cube of the disk-to-shroud spacing normalized by the outer radius of the disk. Considering a damping independent of the disk-to-shroud spacing, we derived a mathematical model of the relationship between the disk flutter amplitude and the disk-to-shroud spacing. This relationship matched the experimental results for various disk sizes.
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1st Report, Experimental Analysis by Measuring the Air Flow Velocity in the Head Disk Assembly Mechanisms
Shigenori TAKADA, Norio TAGAWA, Atsunobu MORI, Yoshiaki MIZOH, Masaru ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
22-29
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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The authors have studied the relationship between the disk flutter vibration and the ambient pressure in the test disk enclosure, as a function of disk rotational velocity. It was found that the disk flutter amplitude decreases by reducing the ambient pressure in the test disk enclosure. In addition, the authors have also measured flow induced flutter vibration of co-rotating two disks by using LDV as well as air flow velocity between two disks by using the hot-wire anemometer. From the experimental results, it was found that the arm which is inserted between two disks suppresses the disk flutter vibration. The arm shape and thickness, however, do not affect the disk flutter vibration virtually. The mean flow velocity as well as its fluctuation decrease, when the arm is inserted between two disks. Therefore, it is suggested that disk flutter can be suppressed by inserting the arm or spoiler that decreases flow fluctuation between two disks.
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Simulation Using Linear Medel
Matabi MITSUTA, Kouichi KAJIWARA, Yasutaka TAGAWA, Eiji SATO
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
30-36
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) is now conducting for constructing a three-dimensional full-scale earthquake testing facility (E-Defense).This facility has 24 actuators to supply enough power to the shaking table, and will be equipped basic controller that is designed by Three Variable Control (TVC) Technique. However, since the table was designed lighter than the capacity of max weight of a test model on the shaking table, it is supposed to have not a little interaction between the shaking table and the test model. Therefore, to equip a more highly developed controller, we should understand well on the property of the coupled system that consists of E-defense with TVC and the test model on the shaking table. This study first derives the analytical model of above coupled system, then show some simulation results of the coupled system.
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Naoki HOSOYA, Takuya YOSHIMURA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
37-44
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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The acceleration sensors are generally attached to the structure to measure the response in FRF (frequency response function) measurement. The mass of the sensor often have some effect on dynamic characteristics of the structure. This paper proposes a new method for compensation of sensor's mass effect in FRF measurements. In the method, inertial force of the sensor's mass is regarded as external force acting on the structure;FRF is corrected so as to remove the external force effect. The compensated FRFs of an accuracy are evaluated by a Reliability Factor which it is installed in this paper. The compensation method for the use of multiple sensors is also presented. The method is validated by applying it to a brass plate structure. The usability of the method is demonstrated via measuring FRFs of a car body.
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Man-Yong JEONG, Kohei SUZUKI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
45-52
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: August 16, 2011
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This investigation deals with the rocking response of rigid blocks subjected to barrow band random excitations. The numerical procedure and computer program are developed to solve the nonlinear equations of motion governing the rocking motion of rigid blocks on rigid base subjected to horizontal excitations. The analytical results presented show that the response of the block is very sensitive to small changes in its slenderness ratio, the energy dissipation, the friction condition between block and base, and the details of ground motion. Systematic trends are not apparent : The stability of a block subjected to a particular ground motion does not necessarily increase monotonically with decreasing slenderness ratio or excitation intensity, occurrence of sliding motion, increasing bandwidth of random wave. Overturning of a block by a ground motion of particular intensity does not imply that the block will necessarily overturn under the action of more intense ground motion. In contrast, systematic trends are observed when the problem is studied from a probabilistic point of view with the ground motion modeled as a random process. The probability of a block exceeding any response level, as well as the probability that a block overturns, increases with increases with increase in ground motion intensity and slenderness ratio of the block, and occurrence of violent sliding motion.
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Ryo TSUCHIYA, Itsuro KAJIWARA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
53-60
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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This paper proposes a multidisciplinary design approach of piezoelectric actuator and control system for smart structures that have a characteristics variation. The system is composed of piezoelectric actuator array and scheduled controller. The control system is designed according to the
H2 specification with a reduced-order modal model. An adaptive control is conducted by scheduling the actuators and the controllers to keep the stability and performance against the characteristics variation of the system. The design problem for improving the
H2 performance is defined, and then the piezoelectric array and the scheduled control system are integratedly optimized by the presented approach, resulting in an enhanced performance for the vibration control. As an example, this strategy is applied to the beam-type smart structure that changes its length.
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Kensuke ITO, Motohiro KAWAFUKU, Makoto IWASAKI, Hiromu HIRAI, Yoshihir ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
61-67
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: August 16, 2011
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This paper presents a practical control methodology of the shaking tables for earthquake simulators. Reaction force generated by a nonlinear specimen on the shaking table generally deteriorates the motion performance of the table, resulting in the lower control accuracy of the seismic tests. In order to provide the precise table motion, therefor, a disturbance observer-based control approach is adopted, where the unknown disturbances of the table can be compensated in real time manner. The proposed compensation algorithm has been verified by experiments using an actual shaking table system.
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3rd Report, Improvement of Tracking Peformance with the MCS Procedure to Acceleration Control
Yuichiro SHINOHARA, Nobuyuki SHIMIZU, Koichi KAJIWARA, Eiji SATO
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
68-75
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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Considering the recent earthquake disasters, Japanese government completed a three-dimen-sional large-scale shaking table under supervision of National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention in 2005. In order to develop a control method for the shaking table operation, we have been paying attention to the Minimal Control Synthesis (MCS) procedure for applying it to the shaking table. This paper reports the simulation studies of enhancing control procedure for the medium-scale shaking table with a bi-linear specimen. Control simulations were carried out for acceleration type demand signals by means of the designed controller with the MCS procedure. Performance improvement by the Three Variable Control with the MCS procedure is discussed.
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1st Report, Observation of Phenomena in an Actual Machine and Consideration of Oscillation Mechanism
Minoru KASAMA, Masatsugu YOSHIZAWA, Yimei YU, Tomoyuki ITOH, Yoshiaki ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
76-83
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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A mechanism of a cleaning blade squeaking noise due to a friction between a photoreceptor drum and a cleaning blade in a laser printer is presented in this paper. Although this problem has been known for many years, the details of oscillation mechanism is not clarified, so we have not found out the fundamental solution yet. In order to clarify the mechanism, at first, we took notice of the peculiar features of this noise in an actual machine. Then, we proposed a theoretical model based on a multi freedom coupled model, which can explain the above features of this noise. Finally, we clarified that the oscillation is one of a coupled mode flutter.
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Naoto FUKUSHIMA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
84-91
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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This paper deals with the approximation method of nonlinear optimal control. It is shown theoretically that this method is able to deal with the criterion as a function of nonlinear system state variables and time-varying target and this method is appreciable to various nonlinear motion controls. This method is applied to sideslip angle following control of RR vehicle with direct yaw moment control (DYC) and this method is compared to usual proportional control using the vehicle model simulation. It is clarified that this method is effective to control the vehicle vith DYC over the tire critical range.
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Hidetoshi OYA, Kojiro HAGINO, Hiroaki MUKAIDANI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
92-101
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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This paper deals with a design problem of guaranteed cost controllers for linear continuous-time systems with structured uncertainties which are included in both the system matrix and the input one under control gain perturbations. In this paper, we show that sufficient conditions for the existence of the robust non-fragile guaranteed cost controller are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Also, a design method of an optimal robust non-fragile guaranteed cost controller which minimizes an upper bound on a given quadratic cost function is discussed. Finally, numerical examples are included to illustrate the results developed in this paper.
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Naoto ABE, Kouhei ANZAI, Daisuke MIZUNOYA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
102-108
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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In this paper, we propose switching vibration control method based on kinetic energy of vibration system; switching between passive mass damper and active mass damper. The vibration control device is dual construction, that is, there are two additive masses, one mass works as passive damper and the other mass works as active mass damper. Numerical simulations and experimental results show that the proposed switching control has better performance than full time passive mass damper and active mass damper.
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Mechanism of Emergent Symmetry Properties
Katsuya KANAI, Keisuke Somiya, Xueshan GAO, Koki KIKUCHI, Hiroshi KOBA ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
109-116
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: August 16, 2011
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This paper deals with a concept that effective robotic function emerges from not only intelligence but also the balance of morphology and intelligence through physical interaction with a changing environment. In this paper, the morphology of a robot is represented by the arrangement of two visual sensors and the intelligence is described as a decision tree of sensor inputs and motor outputs. Both of morphology and intelligence are automatically generated and evolved by genetic program-ming (GP) for a task of maintaining a certain distance between the robot and an object. The result shows that emergence of symmetry properties for functionality depends on the velocity ratio between the robot and the object.
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The Initial and Final Conditions for Kovacs
Shinichiro KOSHIMOTO, Hiroshi YAMAURA, Kunio HATTORI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
117-124
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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In this paper, a realization of acrobatics of a 2-link acrobat robot is discussed. Kovacs is chosen as an example of acrobatics of the horizontal bar performance. Our aerial posture control method that has been proposed in the previous study enables us to focus on the initial and final posture conditions of the acrobatics. Based on the equations of motion and the law of conservation of angular momentum, a way to derive the optimum initial and final posture conditions is developed. A simulation result demonstrates the validity of the proposed method.
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Kenji FUKUZAWA, Takamasa ANDO, Masami SHIBAMOTO, Hedong ZHANG, Yasunag ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
125-131
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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A novel force sensor that can provide high sensitivity with accurate gap control has been presented. It combines a double-ended tuning fork (DETF) resonator with a rigid beam. When the force to be measured is applied to the rigid beam, the resonant frequency of the tuning fork changes due to the change of the tension. The DETF-based sensor can detect the force as the amplitude change corresponding to the resonant frequency change. The performance of the sensor was theoretically and experimentally investigated. The sensor can measure the force under the condition that the change of the probe-sample gap is less than 1 nm. The experimentally attained minimum detection limit of the force was 19.6 μ N and this can be improved by two orders of magnitude according to theoretical estimation. The DETF-based force sensor can be useful tool for various field such as development of micro/nano-machine, micro/nano-tribology, probe microscopy.
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Keisuke MIYATA, Minoru KAMATA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
132-138
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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To lessen operation errors in case of the start/stop operating of hydraulic transmission machines, the predictive information system is considered. That is, before actuator's start or stop, its predictive sign is informed to the operator by this system, it is helpful for operators to do more precise operation. This system is applied to the boom tilt operation of the rough-terrain crane. Its motion prediction is assumed by sensing its actuator's hydraulic pressure change. This pressure sensor signal is transformed to the sound information so as to transmit its prediction to the operator. This sound volume and frequency are varied in accordance with its pressure signal. Two professional operators have tried the tilt operation task ; this system has lessened operating errors on account of the assistance of the start/stop timing recognition.
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Hiroki TSUNOGAWA, Naoki SUGANUMA, Naofumi FUJIWARA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
139-144
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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In order to perform automatic steering in complicated road environments, such as the local road, it is not suitable to use traditional technique of running the road center or giving the course beforehand. On the other hand, in this research, not only coordinates but road width is defined as road information. Thereby, we can create the course, which vehicles run in available area of the road. In this paper, we propose about the technique of creating a target course on real time and course tracking controller with a high control performance. And we report the result of the experiment for verification of the proposed technique.
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Kei SAKANOUE, Kouichirou NAMBA, Takayuki OGAWA, Katsuya TANIFUJI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
145-152
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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This paper deals with a development of inter-car oil damper used in longitudinal direction between railway vehicles. Loading tests and field-tests as well as theoretical analysis are conducted to understand the characteristics of conventional damper working in practical displacement. Based on the test results, an oil damper with pressured N
2 gas is developed and the damping performance is examined in the numerical simulation. The trial dampers are equipped on Series 700 Shinkansen vehicles for running tests. It is shown that pressured N
2 gas in a longitudinal damper maintains high bulk module of oil, as a result, higher kinetic energy can be absorbed and riding comfort is improved especially in tunnel sections.
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1st Report, A 3D Mathematical Model of Knee Joint after Total Knee Arthroplasty
Takefumi KODA, Tadasuke KATSUHARA, Shunji HIROKAWA, Ayaka OTSUKI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
153-160
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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The object of this study is to introduce contact points' trajectories on the articulating surfaces and kinematics of knee prosthesis under various walking conditions for various types of prosthesis to help to design new prosthesis. Since in vivo measurement of knee prosthetic articulation is almost impossible, we created a 3D mathematical model consisted of the tibio-femoral and patello-femoral compartments of artificial knee joint. As the model could reproduce the comprehensive and sophisticated motion of a knee prosthesis, it is possible to generate and analyze various walking conditions with various types of knee prostheses and hence reproduce joint rotation mismatch, excessive deviation of contact points and a loft-off between the media and lateral sides of the joint.
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2nd Report, Variations of Articulating Pattern for Prosthetic Geometries and Walking Conditions
Tadasuke KATSUHARA, Takefumi KODA, Shunji HIROKAWA, Ayaka OTSUKI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
161-167
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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The object of this study is to introduce contact points' trajectories on the articulating surfaces and kinematics of knee prosthesis under various walking conditions for various types of prosthesis to help to design new prosthesis. After creating a 3D mathematical model including the tibio-femoral and patello-femoral compartments of prosthesis, we performed simulation analyses using the model. In the simulation, we employed three typical types of prostheses; conformity, laxity and flat types, for normal and elderly gaits and an elderly gait with a misaligned prosthesis. The simulation results demonstrated that trajectories and pressure of contact points on the articulating surfaces were much influenced by the prosthetic types and their alignments. The results also demonstrated that in some cases elderly gait exhibits unbalance of joint contact forces between the medio and lateral sides, excessive posterior deviation of contact points on the tibial surface. This warns against the current notion that the prosthesis may be more endurable for elderly gait for its less activity than normal gait.
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Countermeasure to the Overlap between Tibio-femoral Component Silhouettes
Shunji HIROKAWA, Shogo ARIYOSHI, Ayaka SATO, Teppei KAWATA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
168-175
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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We have developed a technique for estimating 3D motion of knee prosthesis from its 2D perspective projections. As Fourier descriptors were used for compact representation of library templates and contours extracted from the prosthetic X-ray images, the entire silhouette contour of each prosthetic component was required. This caused such a problem as our algorithm did not function when the silhouettes of tibio and femoral components overlapped with each other. Here we planned a novel method to overcome it ; which was processed in two steps. First, the missing part of silhouette contour due to overlap was interpolated using a free-formed curvature such as Bezier. Then the first step position/orientation estimation was performed. In the next step, a clipping window was set in the projective coordinate so as to separate the overlapped silhouette drawn using the first step estimates. After that the localized library whose templates were clipped in shape was prepared and the second step estimation was performed. Computer model simulation demonstrated sufficient accuracies of position/orientation estimation even for overlapped silhouettes ; equivalent to those without overlap.
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Yuki IIDA, Nobutoshi YAMAZAKI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
176-181
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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Elastic belts were arranged under pants to reduce the hip and knee loads during stand-up motion from chair. The elastic belts can exert assist power for hip and knee extension because the belts are elongated by forward inclining of the upper body during stand-up motion. The efficient and less interfering arrangement of the elastic belts were found that it was started from the waist, branched off at the buttocks, descended along inside and outside of the thigh, crossed at the front of the knee, descended along inside and outside of the shank, and fastened under the foot. The best branching position was at 20% of the height on the line from the patella center to the spina iliaca anterior superior. The maximum tension of the elastic belt was limited to about 160 N for males and 140 N for females by the abdominal pain. Under these conditions, the vastus load during stand-up motion was reduced by about 7%, and any interference didn't occur during sitting, walking, and going up/down stairs.
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Shigeyuki SHIMACHI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
182-189
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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Some methods have been proposed for knot making on a space where surgeon's hands can't reach such as on laparoscopic surgery. Even though, they have problems like as non-acceptable objects remaining on the body. To cope with these difficulties, this research has proposed a new knot making instrument, named as “Weld Forceps”, where the ends of the suture threads are melted and welded together by heating. As a result of trying the weld forceps for some bio tissue, there was a point-like burn. This report is to clear thermal characteristics between the weld forceps and the tissue, and to discuss about some heat insulator effect. At first, it is cleared as follows, as basic data ; thermal diffusivities of some tissues are almost same or a little less than that of water, and burn whitening of the tissue begins with temperature rising to about 50°C. Then, the temperature characteristics were measured for the heat transfer system of the weld forceps, heat insulator and bio tissue in 60-second interval heating. And we got as follows. On the heating power that is sufficient for welding, the maximum temperature of the bio tissue was about 45°C, and was under 40°C with heat insulator (Epoxy resin, 0.3 mm thickness). In consequence, it is also discussed about the reasons why the point-like burn could occur.
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Hitoshi DOKI, Tomoaki YAMADA, Chikara NAGAI, Masaki HOKARI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
190-196
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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The main goal of this study is to establish the measurement system which enables kinematics analysis of snowboarding turns on an outside snow field and to analyze and evaluate the kinetics. The measurement system consists of the 6-axis force sensor which measures reaction force from the snow surface, motion tracking sensor to obtain the movement data of upper body and lower limb and image analysis system which can provide kinematics data of snowboarder on wide range. By applying this measurement system, the quantification of physical exertion on each phase of a snowboard turn and the estimation of joint moments were performed. The fact that this measurement system can analyze major feature of snowboarding turn makes it an effective method for suggesting more ideal turn form, prevention of the disorder and injury from snowboarding and development of snowboarding kits such as board and binding and so on.
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Eiji NAKAMACHI, Naoyuki IWAMOTO, Kazuyosi TSUCHIYA, Yasutomo UETSUJI, ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
197-202
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: August 16, 2011
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In this study, a mobile Health Monitoring System (HMS) for the diabetes patient is newly developed. Main subjects of this HMS design are (1) a painless microneedle with inner diameter less than 100 pm, (2) the vacuum blood extraction of 1 μl, and (3) measurement of blood sugar level by using MOS-FET and Glucose sensor. The vacuum blood extraction system with a microneedle and blood sugar sensor is set in a disposable disc cartridge. Simultaneously, the mechanism of vacuum blood extraction was analyzed, the blood flow rate was measured, and the performance of blood sugar sensor was evaluated. Finally, this HMS succeeded in extracting 3 μl of human blood within 0.3 sec and measuring the blood sugar level by the automatic operation.
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Case of Dry Friction and Grease Lubrication
Hiromasa NADANO, Masakazu NAKASAKO, Masaki KOHNO, Keigo IGURA, Kazunor ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
203-210
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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To clarify friction and wear properties of the radical nitriding SCM 415 H spur gears coated with copper (Cu), titanium nitride (TiN) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS
2), a gear test was carried out under dry friction and grease lubrication in vacuum of about 1-4 x 10
-4 Pa using a power-circulating gear test rig. From the test, the following results were obtained. (1) The wear lives of the gears at dry friction increased in following order : TiN coated gear < MoS
2 coated gear < non-coated gear <Cu coated gear. The wear life of Cu coated gear was approximately 2 times as large as that of non-coated gear, and it can be considered that Cu coating is one of the surface treatment to improve the wear life of the gear. (2) The wear lives of the gears when lubricated with grease increased in following order : Cu coated gear <non-coated gear < MoS
2 coated gear < TiN coated gear. The wear life of TiN coated gear was approximately 2 times as large as that of non-coated gear. In design of the gear units with a long wear life in a vacuum environment, it is an important thing to employ the surface treatment method of the tooth face in which is suitable for the lubricating condition of the gears.
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Hidenori KOMATSUBARA, Ken-ichi MITOME, Tatsuya OHMACHI, Haruaki WATANA ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
211-218
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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Conical involute gears used for marine transmission are mostly helical conical involute gears. Besides these gears are not intersecting axis gears but also nonintersecting-nonparallel axis gears. In this case the contact between tooth surfaces of a pair of gears is point contact. Hence the tooth surface durability is generally small. This research aims at the establishment of the design and production system of the Concave conical gears for marine transmissions. First the gear tooth action of a pair of nonintersecting-noparallel axis gears is analyzed. Secondly, test gears are made and tooth bearing test are proves. Tooth bearing marks are in good agreement with the theoretical ones.
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Under Transmitted Torque
Masanori KAGOTANI, Naoya KITAMOTO, Hiroyuki UEDA, Tomio KOYAMA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
219-227
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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Recent helical synchronous belt drives have been confirmed to be effective for reducing noise and transmission error per single pitch of the pulley, in comparison with conventional synchronous belt drives in which the tooth trace is straight and parallel to the axis of rotation. However, in a helical synchronous belt, the helix angle produces an axial force when the belt tooth load acts in the direction normal to the tooth trace. In the present study, the transmission error in a helical synchronous belt drive is investigated theoretically and experimentally under the quasi-static condition and transmitted torque when the pulley speed ratio is 1 : 1. The computed transmission error agrees well with the experimental results, thereby confirming the applicability of the proposed theoretical analysis for the transmission error in bidirectional operation. This transmission error was found to be generated by a change in the belt tension under transmitted torque, by a change in the state of contact between the tooth flanks, and by the difference in axial belt movements between the two pulleys. In addition, the transmission error is reduced when the pitch difference of the driving side is smaller than that of the driven side.
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3rd Report, Increase of Torque-Transmitted Efficiency by Backup Roller
Masashi YAMANAKA, Yukihito NARITA, Katsumi INOUE
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
228-234
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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The novel mechanism CVT (Shaft Drive CVT) was developed by the authors. The input and output shafts with conical disks are parallel and an idler shaft having conical rollers at both ends is placed perpendicular to the input/output shafts. This idler shaft transmits torque from the input shaft to the output shaft and its linear motion produces the speed variation by changing the contact point between the input/output disk and the idler roller. To improve the efficiency of the Shaft Drive CVT, the backup conical roller mechanism was devised. It is mounted to the opposite side of the idler roller, and contact with the input/output disk and the backup disk as well as the idler roller. It reduces the bearing loss of the input/output shaft because it supports the axial force of idler roller at the opposite side. The amount of transmitted torque is enlarged by this mechanism. The effectiveness of the backup rollers was confirmed by the experiments, and the efficiency of 98.4% was obtained at high ratio. The efficiency of 5 to 7 percentage points was improved on every speed ratio comparing with the case without backup rollers.
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Consideration of Environmental Factor, Sensitive Color and Life Regarding Coloring
Masato SHINADA, Ikuo TANABE, Satoshi TAKAHASHI, Kaoru ITAGAKI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
235-240
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: August 16, 2011
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Recently, stainless steel and titanium are mainly used as a structure material. And some surface treatments regarding coloring for these metals are used for producing high quality industrial product. In privious study, we have proposed that coloring for stainless steel and titanium using YVO
4 laser became possible, and desired colors could be made by the inverse analysis using neural network. In this paper, relationship between interference color of stainless steel and thickness of oxide film was made clear. Working conditions were listed on the database so that the neural network was not used. The influences of various environmental conditions, such as room temperature and humidity, were investigated to achieve the micro-fabrication of coloring. Then, coloring accuracy, including the sensitive colors, was evaluated. In addition, wear and atmospheric corrosion resistance were investigated. It is concluded from the results that (1) Room temperature and humidity affected the accuracy of coloring, (2) Desired color was obtained by using the working conditions on database, (3) Wear resistance is sperior, however, laser-treated area was eroded.
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1st Report, A Guide for Reduction of Amplitude of Repeatable Run-Out in Incompressible Fluid Film Bearings
Tomoko HIRAYAMA, Shingo SAKAI, Naomi YAMAGUCHI, Noriaki HISHIDA, Hiros ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
241-246
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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Spiral-grooved bearings have lately attracted considerable attentions as better substitutions for current ball bearings, especially in motor spindles of precision equipments such as hard disk drive systems. In this paper, optimum designs of the groove dimensions of the spiral-grooved journal bearings specialized for a reduction of amplitude of the operating repeatable run-out (RRO), which is a major characteristic to be considered for applications to precision equipments, are theoretically discussed. The operating RRO of the bearing is formulated in a kinematical model in this study to be attributed to an unbalanced rotor mass, so that an evaluation index concerning the amplitude of the RRO is proposed. Theoretical results show that the appropriate groove designs, which make the proposed evaluation index to be minimum, can improve the RRO performances several times as good as the currently recommended groove design.
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Chip Area by Inclined Surface Machining and Cutting Performance Based on Evaluation Value
Hiroyasu IWABE, Keisuke SHIMIZU, Minoru SASAKI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
247-254
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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In this paper, the chip area by a ball end milling for an inclined surface with a contour path method is analyzed. The cutting process of a ball end mill is very complex due to the existence of a cutting edge on the hemisphere surface which is the end part of the cutter. Then, in this study, at first the modeling of a cutter, an edge, a rake surface and a workpiece with inclined surface are carried out using 3 D-CAD. Secondly, the chip body which will be removed is defined by the interference of the tool and the workpiece models and the chip area which is changed during machining process is calculated by the interference of the rake surface and the chip body. The influence of the cutting method and the direction of pick feed on the behavior of chip area and the influence of the inclination angle of machined surface on the maximum chip area are shown. And, the evaluation value Ed for cutting performance with the multiple by the chip area and the distance from the spindle axis to the center of gravity of the chip area is proposed and compared each calculated value. The evaluation value of the condition by step down pick feed, the workpiece inclination angle
α=20° shows minimum, so a good cutting performance would be expected for these cutting conditions.
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Masatoshi MORIKAWA, Tohru ISHIDA, Koji TERAMOTO, Yoshimi TAKEUCHI
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
255-260
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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In 5-axis control machining, it is important to reduce the processing time of generating interference-free tool path between tool and workpiece. Thus, the paper describes a method to determine interference-free tool postures, based on not every cutting point but every tool path. The method generates a ruled surface between an offset curve which sifts a cutting point curve by a tool radius against a surface to be machined, and one of parametric curves on an interference surface. A boundary tool locus which does not interfere with workpiece is generated by rotating the ruled surface, while moving control points on the surface. Tool postures corresponding to a cutting point curve are determined by appropriately selecting the curve within an area surrounded by two ruled surfaces. The curve implies a candidate of interference-free tool paths can be generated at high speed. The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated by machining experiment of an impeller.
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3rd Report, Modeling of Decision Criteria of Utility Values for Estimation of Future Status of HMS
Koji IWAMURA, Norihiro OKUBO, Yoshitaka TANIMIZU, Nobuhiro SUGIMURA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
261-266
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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This paper deals with a real-time scheduling system of HMS (Holonic Manufacturing System). Simulation based procedures have been proposed and implemented to estimate the future status of HMS and to determine the utility values, in the previous paper. The objective of this research is to improve the estimation procedure of the future status of HMS. A neural network model is proposed to represent the decision criteria of the utility values of the job holons and the resource holons. The neural network model proposed here is used by the job holons and the resource holons, in order that a holon estimates the future status of the HMS for selecting its suitable utility values in the real-time scheduling process. Some case studies are carried out for verifying the effectiveness of the proposed model.
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Masayuki KURITA, Toshiya SHIRAMATSU, Kouji MIYAKE, Atsushi KATO, Masah ...
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
267-273
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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Today's head/disk interface design has a wide flying height distribution due to manufacturing tolerances, environmental variations, and write-induced thermal protrusion. To reduce the magnetic spacing loss due to these effects, we have developed an active head slider with nano-thermal actuator. The magnetic spacing of these sliders can be controlled in-situ during operation of the drive. After simulating the heat transfer in the slider and resulting thermal deformation of the air-bearing surface, we fabricated a thermal actuator by thin film processing. The evaluation by a read/write tester showed a linear reduction in magnetic height as electric power was applied to the actuator. The actuator's stroke was 2.5 nm per 50 mW with time constant of 1 msec. We found no significant impact to the reliability of the read element.
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Yoshiki SHIMOMURA, Masaharu YOSHIOKA, Hideaki TAKEDA, Tetsuo TOMIYAMA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
274-281
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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This paper describes a new design support system that supports conceptual or creative design by dynamically integrating knowledge in different design domains. We argue that abduction for integrating theories can be a basic principle to formalize such design processes. Based on this principle, we propose Universal Abduction Studio, a design environment in which designers combine different theories to arrive at better design. In this new approach to computational support of conceptual design, the system should offer various types of abductive reasoning from which designers can select an interesting design method. We also discuss technologies to implement UAS and in this paper we propose to use analogical reasoning as abductive reasoning to discover relationships between knowledge from different sources. We demonstrate that a prototype system can discover a new idea in a design example taken from a real design activity.
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Yoshiki SHIMOMURA, Shinsuke KONDO, Yasushi UMEDA
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
282-289
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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In order to reduce the environmental load caused by the mass waste produced by society, it is very important to achieve closed-loop product life cycles. To do so, it is necessary to extend a product physical life in a broad sense. Namely, there is not only physical life but also value life, which is terminated because of minor functions, and many products are abandoned at the end of this value life. We focus on the extension of this product value life and propose a design methodology for upgradeable products. The objective of this study is to propose a method for extending the period of usefulness of various products. To do this, it is necessary to make an upgrade plan that includes the specifications of all products in every product generation. To make this upgrade plan more realistic and flexible, future technological trends and user demands, which are influenced by these technical trends, must be predicted. An objective of this report is to produce a general plan for upgrading products that considers flows from technological trends to user demands.
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Kikuo FUJITA, Takahiro MATSUO
2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
290-297
Published: January 25, 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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This paper reports a questionnaire survey on utilization of various tools and methods in the product development process of Japanese manufacturing industries. After its background and purpose are described, the result of the survey carried out in the autumn of 2002 is shown, and the awareness and utilization of tools and methods, their relationships with promotion activities, types of industry, organizational structure, etc. are discussed. Further, the gotten result is partially compared with the preceding studies in some Western countries to reveal the underling mechanism in promotion of product development tools and methods. The analysis reveals that organizational and systematic promotion of tools and methods should be indispensable for enhancing product development performance and that the appropriate shape of their utilization depends on the type of industry, style of bossiness, etc.
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2006 Volume 72 Issue 713 Pages
298
Published: 2006
Released on J-STAGE: March 04, 2011
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