The Keio Journal of Medicine
Online ISSN : 1880-1293
Print ISSN : 0022-9717
ISSN-L : 0022-9717
Volume 36, Issue 4
Displaying 1-5 of 5 articles from this issue
  • Chikao Morimoto, Stuart F. Schlossman
    1987 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages 351-368
    Published: 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present studies indicate that both the heterogeneity and functional programs of human T lymphocytes can be distinguished. Within the T4 subset, which is responsible for inducer/helper functions in T-T, T-B and T-macrophage interactions, discrete subpopulations are present; T4 cells bearing the 2H4 molecule (T4+2H4+) induce T8+suppressor effector cells, and T4 cells bearing the 4B4 molecule (T4+4B4+) induce help for B cell Ig synthesis. Within the T8 subset are precursors and effector cells responsible for both suppressor or cytotoxic function. It is now evident that T4 cells show a preferential interaction with class II MHC determinants on accessory or target cells, whereas T8 cells have a preference for class I determinants. Furthermore, the T4 and T8 glyco-proteins themselves may function as associative recognition structures in such functions. Recent work has elucidated the role of the T3-Ti antigen receptor complex which is involved in both antigen recognition and T cell activation. The T3 molecule, a nonpolymorphic determinant is membrane-associated with the 90 KD Ti heterodimer, a highly polymorphic structure with both constant and variable regions, making up the T cell receptor for antigen. It is believed that these unique cell surface glycoproteins will have a critical role in regulating the nature and intensity of the immune response. The clinical relevance of these cell surface glycoproteins in human diseases also will be discussed.
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  • Yoshiyuki Yoshida, Agnes Fogo, Alan D. Glick, Iekuni Ichikawa
    1987 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages 369-380
    Published: 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    A clinically important characteristic of chronic renal disease, regardless of the underlying cause, is its frequently relentless progression to end-stage renal failure. Functional deterioration is often inevitable even after the initial pathological mechanism has apparently subsided. The possibility has therefore been raised for some time that, after a certain degree of renal damage by the initial disease processes, a common pathway leads to the final progressive functional and structural deterioration. Intensive clinical and experimental animal studies, both in vivo and in vitro, carried out during the last decade have identified several potentially important pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to this progressive destruction of renal architecture. In this article we will review these recent findings and outline the current directions of research in this field.
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  • Ezio Giacobini
    1987 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages 381-391
    Published: 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The author's hypothesis is that adequate acetylcholine (ACh) hydrolysis inhibition acting through a physiological mechanism could maintain levels of the neurotransmitter sufficient to stimulate postsynaptic receptors which are still active in the brain of patiens affected by senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT). We postulate that the use of reversible and specific cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) at optimal concentrations and with a suitable route of adminis-tration would be more effective and less toxic than direct cholinergic stimulation by means of cholinomimetic agents. In order to formulate new strategies of treatment with ChEI we should take into consideration distinct differences of these drugs in their effects upon ACh levels in brain. In this review we will describe experimental approaches in animals and experimental treatment in humans which may help us to find optimal levels of ChE inhibition and ACh increases in brain. The effect of repeated doses of ChEI on serum and red blood cell (RBC) ChE activity are also discussed and correlated to the effect of acute and chronic administration on brain ACh. Severity of CNS symptoms seem to correlate more closely to percent of ACh increase in brain than to percent ChE inhibition at peak time or to time of recovery of ChE activity. These experi-mental data on animals indicate that “slow release” drugs or intracerebral ad-ministration of ChEI may be more effective in raising ACh levels in brain and, therefore, more suitable for therapy of Alzheimer patients.
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  • Hideya Hanaoka, Hiroo Yabe
    1987 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages 392-398
    Published: 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This paper proposes our latest concept of the origin and development of the osteoclast, which is based on our previous experimental results as well as on an analytic review of the literature. We postulate that: (1) The osteoclasts are not derived from the hematopoietic cells but rather from local, non-hematopoietic cells, possibly undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. (II) Various phenomena occur during their developmental process. Namely, (1) The precursor cells of the osteo-clasts may take up the tritiated thymidine released from the disintegrated by-pertrophic chondrocytes during their early developmental stage; (2) the osteo-cytes and preosteoblasts are incorporated into the pre-existing osteoclasts; (3) cells with giant lysosomes also may be incorporated into the pre-existing osteo-clasts. This phenomenon appears to contribute to the increase in the percentage of area of giant lysosomes in the osteoclasts; (4) the blood-borne cells labelled with tritiated thymidine may be similarly incorporated into the pre-existing osteoclasts; (5) the transplanted cells either supply local Immoral factor for osteoclast function or fuse with the incompetent osteoclasts to activate them. Our new concept as described above appears to be the most reasonable one, integrating almost all the data from the previous experiments involving the use of various methods conducted by various researchers including ourselves.
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  • A Histological Analysis of Metastatic Nodes in the Neck
    Yasushi Murakami, Taketsugu Ikari, Shigenori Haraguchi, Koji Okada, Ta ...
    1987 Volume 36 Issue 4 Pages 399-406
    Published: 1987
    Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    We operated 69 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer by total laryngo-pharyngectomy and bilateral neck dissection. In order to evaluate histologically the incidence of node metastasis in ipsilateral and contralateral neck and to dis-cuss the treatment modality for latent metastasis to the cervical lymph node, extracted lymph nodes were divided into several groups of different sites of the neck and histologically examined by means of paraffin sections. The incidence of metastasis was analyzed with special reference to the site of origin, N classi-fication, T classification, histological differentiation, combinations of T classifica-tion with histological differentiation and the site of the neck. Not a few metas-tases were histologically disclosed in both ipsilateral and contralateral neck even in patients who are clinically evaluated as N0. We conclude that bilateral neck dissection is highly recommended in all cases of hypopharyngeal cancer except for only a very small number of patients with well differentiated early lesion.
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