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Volume 45, Issue 4
Displaying 1-8 of 8 articles from this issue
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Tsutomu Sakuta1996 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 287-295
Published: 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAccording to the White Paper on Crime 1994 published by the Ministry of Justice in Japan, the delinquent rate in Japan was highest when juveniles were approximately 14 to 16 years old, and declined as they grew older. The analysis of juvenile offenders in Japan showed that 70% of them had two living parents, with 90% of them from families which were financially stable or affluent. The breakdown of their parents attitudes showed, however, that 48.2% were classified as neglectful, followed by harshness at 30.3% and spoiling or overprotection at 17.3% in 1993 in Japan. In the following, social factors leading to juvenile delinquency were reviewed. Factors leading to juvenile delinquency were classified into social factors, school factors and home factors, and recent findings concerning those three factors were explained. A fairly clear outlook on the efforts required by society, schools and families to reduce juvenile delinquency was shown by revealing important factors leading juveniles to delinquency.View full abstractDownload PDF (811K) -
Mitsuru Tanaka1996 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 296-300
Published: 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWe developed new types of ultra-thin bronchofiberscopes, BF-2.2T and BF-2.7T to observe and photograph lesions of 2 mm or less in bronchioli. BF-2.2T and BF-2.7T can be bent to achieve a vertical range of 120 degrees. BF-2.7T has an additional channel for biopsy and can be used to collect cells. The ultra-thin bronchofiberscopes allowed us to observe all cases of peripheral pulmonary carcinoma and to collect cells. We are now studying IL-6, IL-8 and mRNA in cell specimens collected from patients with lung cancer using the ultra-thin bronchofiberscopes. The development of these ultra-thin bronchofiberscopes have allowed remarkable advances in clinical practice and research because these endoscopes allow bronchioles to be observed directly and to collect bronchial epithelial cells from necessary areas for subsequent incubation and cytological assessment.View full abstractDownload PDF (2029K) -
Daniel C Marcus1996 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 301-305
Published: 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIt is well known that the function of the cochlear and vestibular labyrinth depends on the high concentration of potassium (K+) in the luminal fluid, endolymph. Homeostasis of endolymphatic ion composition has been attributed to the stria vascularis and vestibular dark cells but with little prior experimental basis. The extremely small domain of each epithelial cell type bounding the endolymphatic space has precluded study of ion fluxes from these cells. The voltage-sensitive and K+ -selective vibrating probes were adapted recently for the demonstration of electrogenic K+ secretion and its regulation by stria vascularis and vestibular dark cell epithelium. The isolated stria vascularis and vestibular dark cell epithelium are known to produce a transepithelial current directed toward the endolymphatic side and this current has been shown to be sensitive to bumetanide, an inhibitor of the Na+-Cl--K+ cotransporter. The vibrating probes were used to demonstrate that this current is carried by K+ and that the K+ flux is also sensitive to bumetanide. Several other agents and maneuvers which alter the transepithelial current (e.g. apical DIDS and basolateral hypotonic challenge) were found to produce similar changes in the K+ flux. The technique holds the promise of discovery of the contribution to the homeostasis of endolymph of other cell types in the inner ear.View full abstractDownload PDF (2400K) -
Vijay V Joshi1996 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 306-312
Published: 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSOverview: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first described to occur in children in 1983. With experience of increasing number of cases of AIDS, pathologic lesions in various organs and tissues such as lungs, brain, G.I. tract, heart, blood vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, etc. became evident in autopsy and biopsy specimens. These pathologic lesions were classified into four groups based on known or suspected pathogenesis: 1) Primary lesions due to Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) infection itself (lymph nodes, brain, etc), 2) associated lesions related to direct or indirect sequelae of HIV infection (Opportunistic infections, PLH/LIP complex, etc), 3) lesions of undetermined pathogenesis, (cardiomyopathy, arteriopathy, thrombocytopenia, nephropathy, etc), and 4) lesions of multifactorial pathogenesis (villous atrophy of intestine, thymic lesions, etc). Update: In recent years the emphasis of pathologic study is on the reactive and neoplastic proliferative disorders. These disorders include nodal and extranodal lymphoproliferative lesions (such as myoepithelial sialadenitis, malignant lymphomas, etc), smooth muscle tumors (SMTs), Kaposi's sarcoma, Human Papilloma virus associated genital lesions and miscellaneous tumors. In a recent study, it has been shown that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may be related to the pathogenesis of SMTs. The most recently recognized lymphoproliferative lesions include those of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of salivary glands, lungs and tonsils. The MALT lymphomas in children with AIDS are responsive to therapy and tend to take an indolent clinical course. Therefore recognition of MALT lymphomas as a distinctive lesion in pediatric AIDS is of practical importance. In view of increasing incidence of HIV and HPV infections in adolescent females seen in certain countries attention should also be focused on early detection of HPV related genital lesions so that their possible progression to intraepithelial and invasive cervical carcinoma can be prevented.View full abstractDownload PDF (638K) -
Toshio Akiyama1996 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 313-317
Published: 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhile post-myocardial infarct patients with frequent ventricular premature contractions or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) are at an increased risk of sudden arrhythmic death, the empirical use of antiarrhythmic agents for such patients is no longer justified after the results of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. A series of major breakthroughs in the design and clinical application of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) have taken place over the past two decades since its invention by M Mirowski. Although there is a general consensus for the effectiveness of the ICD therapy in aborting sudden arrhythmic death, it is unknown whether the use of the ICD therapy results in prolonged survival. Three randomized clinical trials directed to the survivors of cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) are currently in progress, comparing the ICD therapy with drug therapy (amiodarone, beta blockers, and sotalol). Already over seventeen hundred patients have been randomized and followed in these three clinical trials. All three trials continue currently indicating no emergence of statistically significant differences in total mortality between the two therapy groups. Prophylactic application of the ICD has been studied in the MADIT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial) - the first randomized clinical trial dealing with implantable defibrillators. This study enrolled post-transmural infarct patients having documented NSVT, left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction 35% or lower) and inducible and nonsuppressible NSVT. The study was recently terminated because of an emergence of a highly statically significant lower mortality with the ICD therapy than with conventional drug therapy. The future for patients at an increased risk of sudden cardiac death is much brighter with further refinement of the ICD system and antiarrhythmic drug therapy, and with further improvement in the therapy directed at the underlying structural heart disease.View full abstractDownload PDF (1529K) -
Masahiro Aoyama1996 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 318-323
Published: 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe ultrastructural localization of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), which has been considered to be a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was explored in the vascular endothelial cells and perivascular nerves of the cerebral arteries in the rat. In order to detect NADPH-d activity, 2-(2'-benzothiazolyl)-5-styryl-3-(4'-phthalhydrazidyl) tetrazolium chloride was utilized as a substrate for NADPH-d histochemistry at the electron microscopic level. In vascular endothelial cells, NADPH-d positive deposits were observed on the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum (smooth or rough surfaced). Positive deposits were seen on distinct membrane portions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the perivascular nerves (axons), but no positive materials were observed either in the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells or in the axoplasm of the perivascular nerves. It was concluded that NOS is located on the membranes of the ER and the nuclear envelope, and that NOS may play substantial roles in the regulation of the cerebral vessels.View full abstractDownload PDF (3253K) -
Yukihide Nishimi1996 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 324-331
Published: 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe author investigated the effects of epidurally administered buprenorphine (BPN) and clonidine (CLO) on the potentiation of halothane anesthesia in terms of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), hemodynamics, and electroencephalographic activity in the patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery. Thirty-four women (ASA-1) were studied after the epidural administration of either 10 ml saline (group A, n=8), 10 ml saline with 0.4 mg BPN (group B, n=13), or 10 ml saline with 150μg CLO (group C, n=13). The MAC of halothane was reduced by 32% in group B (p<0.05), and by 23% in group C (p<0.05) compared with group A. The delta activity on the electroencephalogram (EEG) was more dominant in groups B and C 20 and 30 minutes after the administration of BPN and CLO compared with group A. The alpha activity in group A was significantly greater than that in the other groups. The delta activity in groups B and C was increased significantly compared with group A. The blood pressure was significantly lower after the epidural administration of CLO in group C, compared with groups A and B. The study concluded that epidurally administered CLO significantly reduce the MAC of halothane and also resulted in significant acceleration of delta activity on the EEG, as did BPN. The mechanisms by which the central nervous system (CNS) is depressed by epidural BPN and CLO are different, but this may have resulted from their direct action on the CNS via the systemic and spinal absorption of BPN and CLO.View full abstractDownload PDF (627K) -
James E Carter1996 Volume 45 Issue 4 Pages 332-335
Published: 1996
Released on J-STAGE: March 27, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe performance of the presacral neurectomy with a standard laparoscopic approach utilizing a Contact-tip Nd: YAG Laser with the GRP6 sapphire scalpel tip is feasible, effective, and safe. Patients suffering from severe disabling dysmenorrhea have had complete relief of their symptoms with up to an eighteen-month follow up. The resection of the presacral nerve plexus is associated with significant relief of symptoms. The pain impulses from the uterus which travel through the inferior hypogastric plexus into the intermediate hypogastric plexus and the superior hypogastric plexus can be interrupted by the performance of this procedure in a laparoscopic manner. The intermediate hypogastric plexus which is composed of two or three trunks lying on the vertebral body of L5 is the most appropriate place for the resection. The presacral neurectomy is not appropriate treatment for relief of lateral or back pain. Patients with midline pain will experience significant relief by the use of this procedure. In conclusion, the performance of the presacral neurectomy utilizing the Contact-tip Nd: YAG Laser with the GRP6 sapphire tip combined with other conservative surgery for resection of endometriosis does offer relief of dysmenorrhea and other pelvic pain and is an alternative for women wishing further childbearing and those who do not wish a hysterectomy. Twenty women in whom this procedure has been performed have reported a decrease in pain level from 9.4 (scale of 0 = no pain to 10=disabling pain) to 2.0 with follow up of up to 18 months. There have been no complications with this procedure.View full abstractDownload PDF (1094K)
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